1336-36-3 Usage
Uses
1. Used in Chemical Analysis:
2. Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
3. Used in Environmental Analysis:
4. Used in Food and Beverage Industry:
5. Used in Research and Development:
Production Methods
PCBs are synthesized by the chlorination of biphenyl
and the resulting products are designated according
to their percent (by weight) chlorine content (2). For
example, Aroclors 1221, 1242, and 1260 contain 21,
42, and 60 wt% chlorine. The commercial Aroclors
were produced by the Monsanto Chemical Corp. and
similar PCB mixtures were manufactured worldwide
by other chemical companies. Over 600 million kg
of commercial PCBs were produced in the United
States and the estimated worldwide production is
approximately double this quantity (Table 1). Properties
of the commercial PCBs varied from highly fluid liquids
(Aroclor 1221) to viscous liquids or solids. All of these
preparations contained a complex mixture of isomers and
congeners and as the degree of chlorination increased
there was a corresponding increase in the relative
concentrations of the more highly chlorinated congeners.
There are 209 possible PCBs and the properties of
these commercial mixtures and the individual PCBs
have been extensively investigated. More recent studies
indicate that the commercial PCBs contained 132 different
compounds (18).
Safety Profile
Confirmed carcinogen
with carcinogenic and tumorigenic data.
Moderately toxic by ingestion. Some are
poisons by other routes. Experimental
reproductive effects. Like the chlorinated naphthalenes, the
chlorinated diphenyls have two distinct
actions on the body, namely, a skin effect
and a toxic action on the liver. This hepato-
toxic action of the chlorinated diphenyls
appears to be increased if there is exposure
to carbon tetrachloride at the same time.
The higher the chlorine content of the
diphenyl compound, the more toxic it is
liable to be. Oxides of chlorinated diphenyls
are more toxic than the unoxidmed
materials. In persons who have suffered
systemic intoxication, the usual signs and
symptoms are nausea, vomiting, loss of
weight, jaundice, edema, and abdominal
pain. If the liver damage has been severe the
patient may pass into a coma and die.
Combustible when exposed to heat or
flame, When heated to decomposition they
emit highly toxic fumes of Cl-. See also
specific compounds.
Potential Exposure
Several studies have reported relatively high levels of PCBs in the serum or adipose tissues of occupationallyexposed individuals, e.g.,>3000 ppb in the serum (57 58). Not surprisingly, after these exposures were terminated, the PCB serum concentrations tended to decrease (59 61). Chloracne and related skin problems have been observed in several groups of workers and it was suggested that the air concentrations of commercial PCBs > 0.2 mg/m3 were associated with this effect (62). It was also reported that after occupational exposure to PCBs was terminated there was a gradual decrease in the severity and number of dermatological problems in the exposed workers, and this paralleled a decrease in their serum levels of PCBs (61). The effects of occupational exposure to PCBs on the concentrations of several serum clinical, chemical, and hematological parameters have been reported (58). Mildly elevated SGOT and γ -glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) suggest some liver damage and induction of hepatic monooxygenase enzymes; these results are similar to those observed in animal studies. In one study, it was reported that as PCB serum levels decreased over time the GGTP serum levels also decreased to normal values.
Carcinogenicity
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals. Not all PCB mixtures caused tumors in experimental animals.
Environmental Fate
Before being banned and before the US Clean Water Act
regulated wastewater discharges, PCBs could be found, often at
high levels, in wastewaters from industries handling PCB
equipment. These wastewaters either were discharged directly
to surface waters or sent to municipal sewage treatment plants.
Urban industrial areas are more likely to have higher PCB
contamination than rural areas. While not highly volatile,
PCBs, especially the less chlorinated ones, will partition into
the air. Atmospheric transport is the most important mechanism
for dispersion of PCBs.
Those PCBs with a high degree of chlorination are much
more persistent in the environment than those with lower
degrees of chlorination because they are more resistant to
metabolism. Microbial metabolism is the most important
mechanism for the removal of persistent organic pollutants as
the PCBs from the environment. Anaerobic dehalogenation of
the highly chlorinated PCBs in aquatic sediments is a major
mechanism for their elimination by generating lower chlorinated
congeners that are more readily metabolized by aerobic
enzymes. As a consequence, the environmental levels of PCBs
are slowly decreasing with time.
Toxicity evaluation
PCBs and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons elicit a diverse spectrum of toxic and biochemical responses in laboratory animals dependent on a number of factors including age, sex, species, and strain of the test animal and the dosing regimen (single or multiple) (27 32). The
toxic responses elicited by most PCB preparations are
also observed for other classes of HAHs (27–32) and
include a progressive weight loss not simply related
to decreased food consumption and accompanied by
weakness, debilitation, and ultimately death, i.e., a
wasting syndrome; lymphoid involution, thymic and
splenic atrophy with associated humoral and/or cellmediated
immunosuppression and/or associated bone
marrow and hematologic dyscrasia; a skin disorder
called chloracne accompanied by acneform eruptions,
alopecia, edema, hyperkeratosis, and blepharitis resulting
from hypertrophy of the Meibomian glands; hyperplasia
of the epithelial lining of the extrahepatic bile duct,
the gall bladder, and urinary tract; hepatomegaly and
liver damage accompanied by necrosis, hemorrhage, and
intrahepatic bile duct hyperplasia; hepatotoxicity also
manifested by the development of porphyria and altered
metabolism of porphyrins; teratogenesis, developmental
and reproductive toxicity observed in several animal
species: Carcinogenesis caused by PCBs in laboratory
animals is primarily associated with their effects as
promoters. Endocrine and reproductive dysfunction, i.e.,altered plasma levels of steroid and thyroid hormones
with menstrual irregularities, reduced conception rate,
early abortion, excessive menstrual and postconceptional
hemorrhage, and anovulation in females, and testicular
atrophy and decreased spermatogenesis in males have
also been reported in some species.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 1336-36-3 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 1,3,3 and 6 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 3 and 6 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 1336-36:
(6*1)+(5*3)+(4*3)+(3*6)+(2*3)+(1*6)=63
63 % 10 = 3
So 1336-36-3 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C12H4Cl6/c13-7-1-5(2-8(14)11(7)17)6-3-9(15)12(18)10(16)4-6/h1-4H
