1422391-62-5Relevant articles and documents
Palladium-catalyzed direct C-H arylation of thieno[3,4-b]pyrazines: Synthesis of advanced oligomeric and polymeric materials
Abdo, Nabiha I.,El-Shehawy, Ashraf A.,El-Barbary, Ahmed A.,Lee, Jae-Suk
, p. 5540 - 5551 (2012/10/30)
The first examples are reported of an efficient regioselective direct C-H arylation of thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine (TP) and its 2,3-dimethyl derivative with bromoalkylthiophenes (BATs), under Heck experimental conditions using Pd(OAc)2/Bu4NBr as the catalytic system, giving rise to a variety of valuable aryl-substituted thienopyrazines. The obtained results suggested that the 2-position of the TP moiety is less reactive towards C-H arylation than the 5-and 7-positions. Moreover, the 3-position of the TP moiety showed almost no significant reactivity when all other positions were arylated. The C-H arylation of 2,3-dimethyl-TP with an excess amount of BATs proceeded smoothly, affording the corresponding diarylated thienopyrazine derivatives in excellent yields, without any additional products. Compared to usual cross-coupling reactions, the present synthetic methodology has been used to prepare interesting donor-acceptor π-conjugated polymeric materials in a facial manner in a simple way. Microwave-assisted polymerization proved to be efficient for obtaining reasonable molecular weight copolymers ranging from 18.8 to 24.3 kg mol-1. Incorporating the thienopyrazine unit into polyhexylthiophene chains affected the photophysical and electrochemical properties. The optical band gaps were estimated to be in the range of 1.63-1.06 eV. All copolymers exhibited a diffraction peak at around 2θ = 5.72° corresponding to a d spacing of 15.43 A, which was assigned to an interchain spacing between polymer main chains similar to that found in P3HT. Moreover, a peak around 2θ = 23.09 (3.84 A) was also observed and is believed to be related to π-π stacking of the polymer backbones.