420120-31-6Relevant articles and documents
Histidine-Specific Peptide Modification via Visible-Light-Promoted C-H Alkylation
Chen, Xiaoping,Ye, Farong,Luo, Xiaosheng,Liu, Xueyi,Zhao, Jie,Wang, Siyao,Zhou, Qingqing,Chen, Gong,Wang, Ping
supporting information, p. 18230 - 18237 (2019/11/14)
Histidine (His) carries a unique heteroaromatic imidazole side chain and plays irreplaceable functional roles in peptides and proteins. Existing strategies for site-selective histidine modification predominantly rely on the N-substitution reactions of the moderately nucleophilic imidazole group, which inherently suffers from the interferences from lysine and cysteine residues. Chemoselective modification of histidine remains one of the most difficult challenges in peptide chemistry. Herein, we report peptide modification via radical-mediated chemoselective C-H alkylation of histidine using C4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) reagents under visible-light-promoted conditions. The method exploits the electrophilic reactivity of the imidazole ring via a Minisci-type reaction pathway. This method exhibits an exceptionally broad scope for both peptides and DHP alkylation reagents. Its utility has been demonstrated in a series of important peptide drugs, complex natural products, and a small protein. Distinct from N-substitution reactions, the unsubstituted nitrogen groups of the modified imidazole ring are conserved in the C-H alkylated products.
Synthesis and reactivity of aldehydes of the adamantane series
Voloboev,Butenko,Novakov
, p. 1121 - 1125 (2007/10/03)
1-Adamantanecarbonitriles are very active in the Stephen reaction, which allows synthesis of the corresponding aldehydes in high yields. Electron-acceptor substituents in the 3 position of the adamantine nucleus exert almost no effect on the yield of aldehydes. Separation of the nitrile group and the adamantane nucleus by one methylene group results in a complete loss of reactivity. A quantitative study of the reactivity of the synthesized aldehydes in the oximation reaction was performed.