62-74-8 Usage
Description
Sodium fluoroacetate, also known as compound 1080, is a fine, white, odorless, and hygroscopic powdered solid. It is a salt of a naturally occurring toxin found in certain plants in Australia, Brazil, and Africa, such as Gastrolobium minus, commonly referred to as the 'poison pea.' This highly toxic compound is toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. It was developed as a rodenticide and predacide in 1942 in the United States and has been used for various applications, including predator elimination and wildlife control.
Uses
Used in Pest Control Industry:
Sodium fluoroacetate is used as a rodenticide for controlling rodents and large predators in restricted environments. It is particularly effective against rats, mice, squirrels, prairie dogs, coyotes, and rabbits. SODIUM FLUOROACETATE is also used for controlling the brushtail possum and other wild mammals in some countries.
Used in Agricultural Applications:
Sodium fluoroacetate is classified as a U.S. EPA restricted Use Pesticide (RUP) and is not listed for use in EU countries. It is primarily used around sewers, ships, and warehouses, as well as in agriculture and by state agricultural departments as bait for rodents and large predators. It is seldom used as an insecticide due to its high toxicity to birds, domestic animals, and wildlife.
Used in Livestock Protection:
Sodium fluoroacetate is sometimes used in 1% solutions, which are injected into collars that are strapped to the necks of sheep, goats, and other livestock that predators are attracted to. Coyotes that puncture these collars are likely to be fatally poisoned by the sodium fluoroacetate as a result.
Used in Predator Elimination:
A 'toxic collar' containing a very small amount of sodium fluoroacetate (0.3 mg per collar) has been developed to protect livestock from predators such as coyotes, wolves, and dogs. The toxicity in these predators is up to 20-fold higher than in humans, making it an effective method for predator control.
Air & Water Reactions
Water soluble.
Reactivity Profile
Salts, basic, such as SODIUM FLUOROACETATE, are generally soluble in water. The resulting solutions contain moderate concentrations of hydroxide ions and have pH's greater than 7.0. They react as bases to neutralize acids. These neutralizations generate heat, but less or far less than is generated by neutralization of the bases in reactivity group 10 (Bases) and the neutralization of amines. They usually do not react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents but such behavior is not impossible.
Hazard
Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin
absorption. For use by trained operators only, use
has been restricted. Cardiac impairment, central
nervous system impairment, and nausea.
Health Hazard
SODIUM FLUOROACETATE is super toxic. The probable oral lethal dose in humans is less than 5 mg/kg, or a taste (less than 7 drops) for a 150-lb. person.
Fire Hazard
When heated to decomposition, SODIUM FLUOROACETATE emits highly toxic fumes of sodium oxide and fluorides. Avoid decomposing heat.
Trade name
AI3-08434?; FLUORAKIL? 3; FRATOL?; FURATOL?; RATBANE 1080?; TENEIGHTY?; TL 869?; YASOKNOCK?
Safety Profile
A deadly human poison by ingestion. Experimental poison by ingestion, skin contact, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intravenous routes. A very highly toxic water-soluble salt used mainly as an immediate-action rodenticide. It is absorbed rapidly by the gastrointestinal tract but slowly by the skin unless the skin is abraded or cut. It operates by blocking the Krebs cycle by formation of fluorocitric acid, which inhbits aconitase. It has an effect on either the cardiovascular or nervous system, or both, in all species and, in some species, the skeletal muscles. Humans have mixed responses, with the cardiac feature predominating. By a duect action on the heart, contractile power is lost, which leads to declining blood pressure. Ventricular premature contractions and arrhythmias are seen in all species, including humans. The central nervous system is directly attacked by sodtum fluoroacetate. In humans, the action on the central nervous system produces epileptiform convulsive seizures followed by severe depression. The dangerous dose for humans is 0.5-2 mg/kg. Other species vary considerably in their response to hs material, with primates and birds being the most resistant and carnivora and rodents being the most susceptible. Most domestic animals show a susceptibility fahng between the two extremes indtcated above. Experimental reproductive effects. When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of NazO and F-.
Potential Exposure
A potential danger to those involved in the manufacture, formulation, and application of this highly toxic, immediate-action rodenticide.
Carcinogenicity
In developmental studies in rats
0.75mg/kg/day administered by gavage on
days 6–17 of gestation caused significant reductions
in maternal and fetal body weight gains,
but no external fetal abnormalities were noted.
Environmental Fate
Ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposures are all possible,
but ingestion is the major route of exposure. Sodium fluoroacetate
is rapidly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and
by the lungs. There is evidence that leaching and metabolism
are the major routes of dissipation. Sodium fluoroacetate
which has not undergone degradation is considered mobile by
the EPA and has a high risk for movement into the soil and the
ground water. Once adsorbed in soil, sodium fluoroacetate can
be degraded by halidohydrolase in many microbial and fungal
species. The ‘half-life’ of sodium fluoroacetate in soil is
dependent on temperature, weather, and initial amount of
chemical and decomposition of the host animal. There have
been no reports that sodium fluoroacetate can leach into water
and reach levels exceeding that which would be deemed toxic.
Metabolic pathway
Sodium fluoroacetate is toxic to all mammals, especially to dogs (LD50
0.1 mg kg-1) and therefore its use is very restricted. An exception is the
aerial application of baits for the control of the brushtail possum in
New Zealand and of other wild mammals in Australia. Such use is controversial
and has been the impetus for some environmental fate studies
(Eason et al., 1993) and secondary toxicity studies.
The role of fluoroacetate in interfering with citrate metabolism is now
classical biochemical toxicology (see below).
Shipping
UN2629 Sodium fluorosilicate, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
Purification Methods
It is a free-flowing white HIGHLY TOXIC powder which is purified by dissolving it in ca 4 parts of H2O and the pH is checked. If it is alkaline, add a few drops of FCH2CO2H to make the solution just acidic. Evaporate (fumehood) on a steam bath until crystals start to separate, cool and filter the solid off. More solid can be obtained by adding EtOH to the filtrate. Dry it at 100o in vacuum. The p-nitrobenzyl ester crystallises from EtOH with m 76o. POISONOUS. The free acid interferes with the citric acid cycle. [Saunders & Stacey J Chem Soc 1778 1948, Beilstein 2 IV 446.]
Degradation
Sodium fluoroacetate is a stable hygroscopic crystalline solid which is
very soluble in water. In the absence of biodegradation it is stable in water.
Toxicity evaluation
Fluoroacetate produces its toxic action (after conversion to fluorocitrate)
by inhibiting the Krebs cycle. The compound is incorporated
into fluoroacetyl coenzyme A, which condenses with
oxaloacetate to form fluorocitrate. This inhibits the enzyme aconitase,
which inhibits conversion of citrate to cis-aconitic acid/
isocitrate. This inhibition will lead to a buildup of citric acid
resulting in convulsions and death from cardiac failure or respiratory
arrest. Mitochondrial uptake of acetate may also be
affected. The heart and CNS are the tissues most affected by this
inhibition of oxidative energymetabolism.Oxygen consumption
is markedly reduced. In addition to blockade of energy production,
depletion of calcium may also be involved in the clinical
manifestations associated with sodium fluoroacetate toxicity.
Incompatibilities
Incompatible with alkaline metals and carbon disulfide. Avoid decomposing heat.
Waste Disposal
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform to EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office. This compound is unstable at temperatures above 110°C and decomposes @ 200°C. Thus, careful incineration has been suggested as a disposal procedure. According to their procedure, the produce should be mixed with large amounts of vermiculite, sodium bicarbonate, and sand-soda ash. Slaked lime should also be added to the mixture. Two incineration procedures for this mixture are suggested. The better of these procedures is to burn the mixture in a closed incinerator equipped with an afterburner and an alkali scrubber. The other procedure suggests that the mixture be covered with scrap wood and paper in an open incinerator. (The incinerator should be lighted by means of an excelsior train).
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 62-74-8 includes 5 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 2 digits, 6 and 2 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 7 and 4 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 62-74:
(4*6)+(3*2)+(2*7)+(1*4)=48
48 % 10 = 8
So 62-74-8 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C2H3FO2.Na/c3-1-2(4)5;/h1H2,(H,4,5);/q;+1/p-1
62-74-8Relevant articles and documents
Mechanistic Insights of a Concerted Metalation-Deprotonation Reaction with [Cp?RhCl2]2
Walsh, Aaron P.,Jones, William D.
, p. 3400 - 3407 (2015)
The effect of the carboxylate used in a concerted metalation-deprotonation reaction is probed and shows a direct correlation of pKa to observed rate up to a pKa of 4.3, where the rate drops off at higher pKa. The rate of the C-H activation of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridine with [Cp?RhCl2]2 and carboxylate follows first-order kinetics in the active metal species, Cp?RhCl(2-OAc), and zero-order kinetics in substrate when in a 1:1 ratio. There is a first-order dependence on substrate observed when excess substrate is present. The evaluation of the mechanism using kinetic studies allowed for a mechanistic proposal in which a second Ph′Py coordinates prior to the rate-determining C-H activation.
SUBSTITUTED PYRIMIDINES
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Page/Page column 87; 88, (2013/04/10)
The present invention relates to substituted pyrimidines useful as HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors to treat anemia and like conditions.
Homogeneous, stable and flowable aqueous mixtures and dispersions of water-insoluble substances formulated therefrom exhibiting optical birefringence
-
, (2008/06/13)
Stable and flowable aqueous dispersions of at least one water-insoluble material are formulated by dispersing such water-insoluble material, e.g., solid particulates of a plant protection compound, into a homogeneous, stable and flowable aqueous composition that includes (1) at least one water-soluble derivative of a plant protection active agent bearing at least one ionizable functional group and at least one hydrophilic functional group, (2) at least one nonionic surface-active agent and/or at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or arylaliphatic alcohol having from 4 to 15 carbon atoms, and (3) water, this composition exhibiting optical birefringence and a yield point of at least 0.1 pascal.
