8001-35-2 Usage
Description
Toxaphene is an organochlorine insecticide that consists of a mixture of hundreds of different chemicals, with a major toxic component being heptachlorobornane. It is similar to other compounds such as endrin, dieldrin, aldrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), lindane, and chlordecone. Toxaphene is a yellowish-waxy substance that is relatively volatile and can be transported in the atmosphere. It has a chlorine content of nearly 70% by weight and a mean formula weight of approximately 414 g mol-1.
Uses
Used in Agriculture:
Toxaphene was used as an insecticide for controlling pests on various crops such as cotton, lettuce, tomatoes, corn, peanuts, wheat, and soybean. It was heavily used in the United States until 1982, primarily to control insects on cotton crops in the southern United States.
Used in Livestock:
Toxaphene was also used to control pests on livestock. However, it is not recommended for use in dairy barns or on milking animals due to potential health risks.
Used in Aquatic Environments:
In addition to its use as an insecticide, toxaphene was used to eliminate certain species of fish in aquatic environments. Fish are reported to be low metabolizers of toxaphene, while other aquatic life such as snails can be extensive metabolizers, thus reducing the toxicity of toxaphene to aquatic life other than fish.
Environmental Impact:
Toxaphene is not readily soluble in water and tends to deposit in the soil and sediment, as well as the atmosphere. Microorganisms in the soil tend to degrade toxaphene very slowly. It does not degrade as slowly as DDT but has been demonstrated to persist in the environment for extended and significant periods of time.
Regulation:
The use of toxaphene as an insecticide was banned in the early 1980s and completely banned in the United States in 1990. In addition to its ban in North America, toxaphene has also been banned in Europe. However, its use in developing countries still persists.
Air & Water Reactions
Insoluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
TOXAPHENE is decomposed by sunlight and heat. TOXAPHENE is decomposed in the presence of alkali. TOXAPHENE is corrosive to iron. TOXAPHENE is incompatible with strong oxidizers. TOXAPHENE is non corrosive in the absence of moisture.
Health Hazard
Camphechlor is extremely toxic: the probable oral lethal dose (human) is 5-50 mg/kg or between 7 drops and 1 teaspoonful for 70 kg (150 lb.) person.
Health Hazard
Highly toxic by ingestion; moderately toxicby skin contact and inhalation; may causeskin irritation and allergic dermatitis; causedadverse reproductive effects in experimentalanimals; ingestion of about 1.5–3 g may befatal to adult human; toxic effects in animals include central nervous system stimulation, tremors, convulsions, and liver injury;oral LD50 value (rats): ～100 mg/kg: sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals,causing liver cancer; RCRA Waste Number P123.LD50 oral (rat): 50 mg/kgLD50 skin (rat): 600 mg/kgStudies on the cancer risk assessment oftoxaphene in rodents have shown that itincreased incidence of neoplasms of endocrine organs, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal andmammary glands and reproductive systems(Buranatrevedth 2004).
Fire Hazard
Container may explode in heat of fire. Toxic vapors are generated when heated. Releases hydrochloric acid in the presence of alkali, on prolonged exposure to sunlight, and at temperatures above 311F. Avoid strong oxidizers, corrosive to iron.
Safety Profile
Confirmed carcinogen
with experimental carcinogenic and
tumorigenic data. Human poison by
ingestion and possibly other routes.
Experimental poison by ingestion,
intraperitoneal, and possibly other routes.
Moderately toxic experimentally by
inhalation and skin contact. Human systemic
effects by ingestion and skin contact:
somnolence, convulsions or effect on
seizure threshold, coma, and allergic skin
dermatitis. A skin irritant; absorbed through
the skin. Experimental teratogenic and
reproductive effects. Human mutation data
reported. Liver injury has been reported.
Lethal amounts of toxaphene can enter the
body through the mouth, lungs, and skin.
Systemic absorption of the insecticide is
increased by the presence of lgestible oils,
and liquid preparations of the insecticide,
which penetrate the skin more readily than
do dusts and wettable powders.A toxic mixture of organochlorine
pesticides stored to some extent in body fat.
It resembles chlordane and, to some extent,
camphor in its physiological action. It causes
diffuse stimulation of the brain and spinal
cord resulting in generahzed convulsions of
a tonic or clonic character. Death usually
results from respiratory failure.
Detoxification appears to occur in the liver.
The lethal ingestion dose for humans is
estimated to be 2-7 g, a toxicity of about
four times that of DDT. At least seven
human deaths have been reported due to
toxaphene, all in chddren. Two families have
been made ill by eating vegetables
containing a large residue of toxaphene.
When heated to decomposition it emits
toxic fumes of Cl-.
Carcinogenicity
Toxaphene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Environmental Fate
Soil. Under reduced soil conditions, about 50% of the C-Cl bonds were cleaved
(dechlorinated) by Fe2+ porphyrins forming two major toxicants having molecular formulas
C10H10Cl8 (Toxicant A) and C10H11Cl7 (Toxicant B). Toxicant A reacted with reduced
hematin yielding two reductive dechlorination products (C10H11Cl7), two dehydrodechlo-
rination products (C10H9Cl7) and two other products (C10H10Cl6). Similarly, products
formed from the reaction of Toxicant B with reduced hematin included two reductive
dechlorination products (C10H12Cl6), one dehydrochlorination product (C10H10Cl6) and two
products having the molecular formula C10H11Cl5 (Khalifa et al., 1976). The reported
dissipation rate of toxaphene from soil is 0.010/day (Seiber et al., 1979).Photolytic. Dehydrochlorination will occur after prolonged exposure to sunlight releas-
ing hydrochloric acid (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1989). Two
compounds isolated from toxaphene, 2-exo,3-exo,5,5,6-endo,8,9,10,10-nonachlorChemical/Physical. Saleh and Casida (1978) demonstrated that Toxicant B (2,2,5-
endo,6-exo,8,9,10-heptachlorobornane), the most active component of toxaphene, under-
went reductive dechlorination at the geminal dichloro position yielding 2-endo,Toxaphene will slowly undergo hydrolysis resulting in the loss of chlorine atoms and
the formation of hydrochloric acid (Kollig, 1993). The hydrolysis rate constant for tox-
aphene at pH 7 and 25°C was determined to be 8 × 10–6/hour, resulting in a half-life of
9.9 years (Ellington et al., 1987).Emits toxic chloride fumes when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1990).
Toxicity evaluation
The neuroexcitatory properties of toxaphene are due to its
ability to reduce chloride uptake into neurons, leading to
depolarization of the cells and hyperactivity. It is believed that
toxaphene acts on the picrotoxin-binding site on the gammaaminobutyric
acid (GABA)A receptor. Toxaphene may also
impair calcium transport which will interfere with numerous
neuronal pathways and function.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 8001-35-2 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 8,0,0 and 1 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 3 and 5 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 8001-35:
(6*8)+(5*0)+(4*0)+(3*1)+(2*3)+(1*5)=62
62 % 10 = 2
So 8001-35-2 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C10H8Cl8/c1-4-7(2-11,3-12)9(16)6(14)5(13)8(4,15)10(9,17)18/h5-6H,1-3H2
8001-35-2Relevant articles and documents
Alkyl 4-[o-(substituted methyleneamino)-phenyl]-3-thioallophanate miticides and fungicides
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, (2008/06/13)
Various alkyl 4-[o-(substituted methyleneamino)phenyl]3-thioallophanates are useful as fungicides and mite ovicides. The compounds are prepared by reacting alkyl 4-(o-aminophenyl)-3-thioallophanates with aldehydes or trialkyl orthoformates. Some of the compounds are prepared by further reacting the reaction product of an alkyl 4-(o-aminophenyl)-3-thioallophanate and a trialkyl orthoformate with a primary or secondary amine. Exemplary species are methyl 4-[o-(o-fluorobenzylideneamino)phenyl]-3-thioallophanate, methyl 4-[o-(4-methylbenzylideneamino)phenyl]-3-thioallophanate and methyl 4-[o-(2-furfurylideneamino)phenyl]-3-thioallophanate.
Pesticidal alkyl 4-(0-(substituted methyleneamine)-phenyl)-3-thioallophanates
-
, (2008/06/13)
Various alkyl 4-[o-(substituted methyleneamino)phenyl] 3-thioallophanates are useful as fungicides and mite ovicides. The compounds are prepared by reacting alkyl 4-(o-aminophenyl)-3-thioallophanates with aldehydes or trialkyl orthoformates. Some of the compounds are prepared by further reacting the reaction product of an alkyl 4-(o-aminophenyl)-3-thioallophanate and a trialkyl orthoformate with a primary or secondary amine. Exemplary species are methyl 4-[o-(o-fluorobenzylidine-amino)phenyl]-3-thioallophanate, methyl 4-[o-(4-methylbenzyl-ideneamino)phenyl]-3-thioallophanate and methyl 4-[o-(2-furfuryl-ideneamino)phenyl]-3-thioallophanate.
