Product Name

  • Name

    AFLATOXIN B1

  • EINECS 214-603-3
  • CAS No. 1162-65-8
  • Article Data7
  • CAS DataBase
  • Density 1.56g/cm3
  • Solubility 15mg/L(temperature not stated)
  • Melting Point 268-269 °C
  • Formula C17H12O6
  • Boiling Point 528.2°C at 760 mmHg
  • Molecular Weight 312.279
  • Flash Point 2 °C
  • Transport Information UN 3462 6.1/PG 1
  • Appearance solid
  • Safety 53-45-36-26-16-24-7
  • Risk Codes 45-46-26/27/28-36-20/21/22-11-65-48/23/24/25-36/38-39/23/24/25-23/24/25
  • Molecular Structure Molecular Structure of 1162-65-8 (AFLATOXIN B1)
  • Hazard Symbols VeryT+, ToxicT, HarmfulXn, FlammableF
  • Synonyms 1-Cyclopentene-1-carboxylicacid, 2-(3a,8a-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxyfuro[2,3-b]benzofuran-5-yl)-5-oxo-, d-lactone (7CI);Cyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-1,11-dione,2,3,6a,9a-tetrahydro-4-methoxy-, (6aR,9aS)- (9CI);Cyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-1,11-dione,2,3,6a,9a-tetrahydro-4-methoxy-, (6aR-cis)-;Cyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-1,11-dione, 2,3,6aa,9aa-tetrahydro-4-methoxy- (8CI);(-)-Aflatoxin B1;AFB1;NSC 529592;Aflatoxin B1;
  • PSA 74.97000
  • LogP 2.27650

Synthetic route

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: aflatoxin B2a With acetic anhydride; acetic acid at 20℃; for 20h;
Stage #2: In toluene at 240℃; for 0.25h; Further stages.;
24%
O-methylsterigmatocystin
30361-73-0, 17878-69-2

O-methylsterigmatocystin

aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With NADPH In acetone at 37℃; for 84h; cell free extract of the Aspergillus parasiticus mutant AVN-1 (ATCC 56774);
norsolorinic acid
10254-99-6

norsolorinic acid

aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With metabolite-free SU-1 cell-free extract; S-Adenosylmethionine; NADPH; flavin adenine dinucleotide In water at 30℃; for 8h;
sterigmatocystin
10048-13-2

sterigmatocystin

aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: 77 percent / K2CO3 / acetone / Heating
2: NADPH / acetone / 84 h / 37 °C / cell free extract of the Aspergillus parasiticus mutant AVN-1 (ATCC 56774)
View Scheme
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

d2-aflatoxin B2

d2-aflatoxin B2

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With deuterium In 1,4-dioxane; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; under 750.075 Torr;93%
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

A

aflatoxin D1
52373-83-8

aflatoxin D1

B

6-Methoxy-3a,8a-dihydro-benzo[b]furo[3,2-d]furan-4-ol
412338-95-5

6-Methoxy-3a,8a-dihydro-benzo[b]furo[3,2-d]furan-4-ol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With ammonium hydroxide at 50℃; for 504h;A 57%
B 9%
With ammonium hydroxide at 52℃; for 28h; Product distribution;
peracetic acid
79-21-0

peracetic acid

aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

<6aS-(6aα,8β,9aα)>-8,9-bis(acetyloxy)-2,3,6a,8,9,9a-hexahydro-4-methoxycyclopentafuro<3',2':4,5>furo<2,3-h>benzopyran-1,11-dione
79971-09-8

<6aS-(6aα,8β,9aα)>-8,9-bis(acetyloxy)-2,3,6a,8,9,9a-hexahydro-4-methoxycyclopentafuro<3',2':4,5>furo<2,3-h>benzopyran-1,11-dione

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In dichloromethane; benzene at 25℃; for 15h;34%
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

3',5'-O-dibutyryl 2'-deoxyguanosine
79971-08-7

3',5'-O-dibutyryl 2'-deoxyguanosine

A

aflatoxin B2a
17878-54-5

aflatoxin B2a

B

050668-79-6
50668-79-6

050668-79-6

C

<6aS-(6aα,8bβ,9α,9aα)>-8-(2-amino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-7H-purin-7-yl)-2,3-6a,8,9,9a-hexahydro-9-hydroxy-4-methoxycyclopentafuro<3',2':4,5>furo<2,3-h><1>benzopyran-1,11-dione
63425-04-7

<6aS-(6aα,8bβ,9α,9aα)>-8-(2-amino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-7H-purin-7-yl)-2,3-6a,8,9,9a-hexahydro-9-hydroxy-4-methoxycyclopentafuro<3',2':4,5>furo<2,3-h><1>benzopyran-1,11-dione

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With benzil In 1,2-dichloro-benzene at 100℃; for 1h; Irradiation;A 14%
B n/a
C 19%
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

A

aflatoxin B2a
17878-54-5

aflatoxin B2a

B

050668-79-6
50668-79-6

050668-79-6

C

<6aS-(6aα,8bβ,9α,9aα)>-8-(2-amino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-7H-purin-7-yl)-2,3-6a,8,9,9a-hexahydro-9-hydroxy-4-methoxycyclopentafuro<3',2':4,5>furo<2,3-h><1>benzopyran-1,11-dione
63425-04-7

<6aS-(6aα,8bβ,9α,9aα)>-8-(2-amino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-7H-purin-7-yl)-2,3-6a,8,9,9a-hexahydro-9-hydroxy-4-methoxycyclopentafuro<3',2':4,5>furo<2,3-h><1>benzopyran-1,11-dione

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With 2'-deoxyguanosine di-n-butyrate; benzil In 1,2-dichloro-benzene at 100℃; for 1h; Irradiation;A 14%
B n/a
C n/a
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

3,3-dimethyldioxirane
74087-85-7

3,3-dimethyldioxirane

Aflatoxin B1 8,9-epoxide
42583-46-0

Aflatoxin B1 8,9-epoxide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In dichloromethane; acetone for 0.25h; Ambient temperature;
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

6-Methoxy-3a,8a-dihydro-benzo[b]furo[3,2-d]furan-4-ol
412338-95-5

6-Methoxy-3a,8a-dihydro-benzo[b]furo[3,2-d]furan-4-ol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With ammonium hydroxide 1.) rt, 19 d; 2.) 50 deg C, 10 d;
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

2-(4-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-3a,8a-dihydro-benzo[b]furo[3,2-d]furan-5-yl)-5-oxo-cyclopent-1-enecarboxylic acid

2-(4-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-3a,8a-dihydro-benzo[b]furo[3,2-d]furan-5-yl)-5-oxo-cyclopent-1-enecarboxylic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With ammonium hydroxide for 192h; Ambient temperature;
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

Aflatoxin B1 8,9-epoxide
42583-46-0

Aflatoxin B1 8,9-epoxide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With 3,3-dimethyldioxirane In acetone for 0.25h; Ambient temperature;
With 3,3-dimethyldioxirane
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

aflatoxin B1n exo/endo-8,9-epoxides
1165-39-5

aflatoxin B1n exo/endo-8,9-epoxides

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With 3,3-dimethyldioxirane Oxidation;
With 3,3-dimethyldioxirane In acetone at 20℃; for 0.333333h; Epoxidation;
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

A

Aflatoxin B1 8,9-epoxide
42583-46-0

Aflatoxin B1 8,9-epoxide

B

aflatoxin Q1

aflatoxin Q1

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With P450 reductase; NADPH; cytochrome b5; P450 3A4 N206S structural mutant In water at 37℃; for 0.333333h; pH=7.85; Product distribution; Enzyme kinetics; Further Variations:; Catalysts;
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

A

aflatoxin M1
6795-23-9, 25325-49-9

aflatoxin M1

B

Aflatoxin B1 8,9-epoxide
42583-46-0

Aflatoxin B1 8,9-epoxide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
mouse liver cytochrome P450 2A5 (wild) In various solvent(s) pH=7.4; Enzyme kinetics; Further Variations:; Catalysts; Enzymatic reaction;
Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride In acetonitrile at 20 - 60℃; for 3h;
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

aflatoxin B2
7220-81-7

aflatoxin B2

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride; sodium hydroxide; LACTIC ACID at 37℃; pH=3.35 - 4.50; Kinetics; Further Variations:; reagents concentration;
glycolic Acid
79-14-1

glycolic Acid

aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

C17H12O6HOCH2CO2H

C17H12O6HOCH2CO2H

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With trifluoroacetic acid In acetonitrile at 20℃; for 0.333333h;
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

C17H12O6HOCH2CO2NC2O2C2H4

C17H12O6HOCH2CO2NC2O2C2H4

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: CF3CO2H / acetonitrile / 0.33 h / 20 °C
2: N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide / dioxane / 20 h / 20 °C
View Scheme
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

6-(1-hydroxymethyl-3-oxo-propyl)-9-methoxy-3,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-cyclopenta[c]chromen-7-ol anion
419568-05-1

6-(1-hydroxymethyl-3-oxo-propyl)-9-methoxy-3,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-cyclopenta[c]chromen-7-ol anion

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: 1.0 M HCl / acetonitrile / 3 h / 20 - 60 °C
2: 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate / CHCl3; methanol / pH 10
View Scheme
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

4-[4-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-pyrrol-1-yl)-phenyl]-butyric acid [4-hydroxy-3-(7-hydroxy-9-methoxy-3,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-cyclopenta[c]chromen-6-yl)-butylidene]-hydrazide

4-[4-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-pyrrol-1-yl)-phenyl]-butyric acid [4-hydroxy-3-(7-hydroxy-9-methoxy-3,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-cyclopenta[c]chromen-6-yl)-butylidene]-hydrazide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: 1.0 M HCl / acetonitrile / 3 h / 20 - 60 °C
2: 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate / CHCl3; methanol / pH 10
3: dimethylsulfoxide / 6 h / 20 °C
View Scheme
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

<6aS-(6aα,8bβ,9α,9aα)>-8-(2-amino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-7H-purin-7-yl)-2,3-6a,8,9,9a-hexahydro-9-hydroxy-4-methoxycyclopentafuro<3',2':4,5>furo<2,3-h><1>benzopyran-1,11-dione
63425-04-7

<6aS-(6aα,8bβ,9α,9aα)>-8-(2-amino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-7H-purin-7-yl)-2,3-6a,8,9,9a-hexahydro-9-hydroxy-4-methoxycyclopentafuro<3',2':4,5>furo<2,3-h><1>benzopyran-1,11-dione

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: dimethyldioxirane / acetone / 0.25 h / Ambient temperature
2: acetone; H2O / 12 h / 5 °C / pH 6.5
View Scheme
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

<6aS-(6aα,8β,9aα)>-8,9-bis(acetyloxy)-2,3,6a,8,9,9a-hexahydro-4-methoxycyclopentafuro<3',2':4,5>furo<2,3-h>benzopyran-1,11-dione
79971-09-8

<6aS-(6aα,8β,9aα)>-8,9-bis(acetyloxy)-2,3,6a,8,9,9a-hexahydro-4-methoxycyclopentafuro<3',2':4,5>furo<2,3-h>benzopyran-1,11-dione

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: benzil, 2'-deoxyguanosine di-n-butyrate / 1,2-dichloro-benzene / 1 h / 100 °C / Irradiation
2: p-toluenesulfonic acid / 18 h
View Scheme
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

C21H18O10

C21H18O10

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: benzil, 2'-deoxyguanosine di-n-butyrate / 1,2-dichloro-benzene / 1 h / 100 °C / Irradiation
2: p-toluenesulfonic acid / 18 h
View Scheme
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

2-Amino-2-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3a,8a-dihydro-benzo[b]furo[3,2-d]furan-5-yl)-5-oxo-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid

2-Amino-2-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3a,8a-dihydro-benzo[b]furo[3,2-d]furan-5-yl)-5-oxo-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: ammonium hydroxide / 192 h / Ambient temperature
2: ammonium hydroxide / Ambient temperature
View Scheme
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

B

C16H14O6

C16H14O6

C

C16H12O7

C16H12O7

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water at 4℃; pH=7; Kinetics; Concentration; Irradiation;
aflatoxin B1
1162-65-8

aflatoxin B1

A

C17H14O8

C17H14O8

B

8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy aflatoxin B1

8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy aflatoxin B1

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With oxygen; NADPH; magnesium chloride In aq. phosphate buffer at 37℃; for 1.5h; pH=7.4;

Aflatoxin B1 Consensus Reports

IARC Cancer Review: Group 1 IMEMDT    IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man . 7 (1987),p. 83.(World Health Organization, Internation Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon, France.: ) (Single copies can be ordered from WHO Publications Centre U.S.A., 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210) ; Animal Sufficient Evidence IMEMDT    IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man . 10 (1976),p. 51.(World Health Organization, Internation Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon, France.: ) (Single copies can be ordered from WHO Publications Centre U.S.A., 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210) ; IMEMDT    IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man . 1 (1972),p. 145.(World Health Organization, Internation Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon, France.: ) (Single copies can be ordered from WHO Publications Centre U.S.A., 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210) . EPA Genetic Toxicology Program.

Aflatoxin B1 Specification

The Aflatoxin B1, with the CAS registry number 1162-65-8,is also known as Cyclopenta(c)furo(3',2':4,5)furo(2,3-h)(1)benzopyran-1,11-dione, 2,3,6a,9a-tetrahydro-4-methoxy-. It belongs to the product categories of Intermediates & Fine Chemicals;Metabolites & Impurities;Pharmaceuticals. Its EINECS number is 214-603-3. This chemical's molecular formula is C17H12O6 and molecular weight is 312.27. What's more,Its systematic name is Aflatoxin B1.It is a potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1. In addition, Aflatoxin B1 (CAS NO.1162-65-8) is sensitive with air and light. It is not compatible with strong oxidizing agents, acids, alkalies, and you must not take it with dust generation, direct sunlight and incompatible materials and not be exposured to air. And also prevent it to broken down into hazardous decomposition products: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide.

Physical properties about Aflatoxin B1 are:
(1)ACD/LogP:  2.039; (2)# of Rule of 5 Violations:  0; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5):  2.04; (4)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4):  2.04; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5):  20.87; (6)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4):  20.87; (7)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5):  306.29; (8)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4):  306.29; (9)#H bond acceptors:  6; (10)#H bond donors:  0; (11)#Freely Rotating Bonds:  1; (12)Index of Refraction:  1.687; (13)Molar Refractivity:  76.011 cm3; (14)Molar Volume:  199.584 cm3; (15)Polarizability:  30.133 10-24cm3 ; (16)Surface Tension:  68.7190017700195 dyne/cm; (17)Density:  1.565 g/cm3; (18)Flash Point:  237.669 °C; (19)Enthalpy of Vaporization:  80.29 kJ/mol; (20)Boiling Point:  528.151 °C at 760 mmHg; (21)Vapour Pressure:  0 mmHg at 25°C.

You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1)SMILES:O=C5C=4C(=O)Oc3c1c(OC2O\C=C/C12)cc(OC)c3C=4CC5;
(2)Std. InChI:InChI=1S/C17H12O6/c1-20-10-6-11-14(8-4-5-21-17(8)22-11)15-13(10)7-2-3-9(18)12(7)16(19)23-15/h4-6,8,17H,2-3H2,1H3;
(3)Std. InChIKey:OQIQSTLJSLGHID-UHFFFAOYSA-N.

Safety Information of Aflatoxin B1:
Risk Statements:(1)Highly flammable; (2)Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed; (3)Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed; (4)Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed; (5)Irritating to eyes and skin; (6)Danger of very serious irreversible effects; (7)May cause cancer; (8)May cause heritable genetic damage; (9)Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed.
Safety Statements:(1)Keep container tightly closed; (2)Keep away from sources of ignition; (3)Avoid contact with skin; (4)In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice; (5)Wear suitable protective clothing; (6)In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible; (7)Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use

The toxicity data of Aflatoxin B1 are as follows:

Organism Test Type Route Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) Effect Source
cat LD50 oral 550ug/kg (0.55mg/kg) LIVER: OTHER CHANGES Cancer Research. Vol. 29, Pg. 236, 1969.
cat LD50 unreported 550ug/kg (0.55mg/kg)   Japanese Journal of Toxicology. Vol. 2, Pg. 377, 1989.
chicken LD50 unreported 6300ug/kg (6.3mg/kg)   Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 23, Pg. 1327, 1981.
dog LD50 unreported 500ug/kg (0.5mg/kg)   Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 23, Pg. 1327, 1981.
dog LDLo intraperitoneal 1mg/kg (1mg/kg)   Pathologia Veterinaria. Vol. 3, Pg. 331, 1966.
domestic animals - goat/sheep LD50 unreported 1mg/kg (1mg/kg)   Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 23, Pg. 1327, 1981.
domestic animals - goat/sheep LDLo oral 2mg/kg (2mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION
GASTROINTESTINAL: "HYPERMOTILITY, DIARRHEA"
Nature. Vol. 225, Pg. 1062, 1970.
duck LD50 oral 335ug/kg (0.335mg/kg)   Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Vol. 123, Pg. 151, 1966.
duck LD50 unreported 335ug/kg (0.335mg/kg)   Japanese Journal of Toxicology. Vol. 2, Pg. 377, 1989.
guinea pig LD50 intraperitoneal 1400ug/kg (1.4mg/kg) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES
LIVER: "HEPATITIS (HEPATOCELLULAR NECROSIS), ZONAL"
LIVER: OTHER CHANGES
Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology. Vol. 91, Pg. 277, 1966.
guinea pig LD50 oral 2mg/kg (2mg/kg)   Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 19, Pg. 169, 1971.
guinea pig LD50 unreported 1400ug/kg (1.4mg/kg)   Toxicon. Vol. 18, Pg. 121, 1980.
hamster LD50 intraperitoneal 6mg/kg (6mg/kg)   Archives of Pathology. Vol. 83, Pg. 53, 1967.
hamster LD50 oral 10mg/kg (10mg/kg) LIVER: "HEPATITIS, FIBROUS (CIRRHOSIS, POST-NECROTIC SCARRING)"
LIVER: MULTIPLE EFFECTS
Cancer Research. Vol. 29, Pg. 236, 1969.
hamster LD50 unreported 10200ug/kg (10.2mg/kg)   Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 23, Pg. 1327, 1981.
monkey LD50 oral 2200ug/kg (2.2mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)
LIVER: "JAUNDICE, OTHER OR UNCLASSIFIED"
BEHAVIORAL: FOOD INTAKE (ANIMAL)
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 19, Pg. 169, 1971.
monkey LD50 unreported 7800ug/kg (7.8mg/kg)   Japanese Journal of Toxicology. Vol. 2, Pg. 377, 1989.
monkey LDLo intraperitoneal 1300ug/kg (1.3mg/kg) LIVER: OTHER CHANGES American Journal of Pathology. Vol. 49, Pg. 1023, 1966.
mouse LD50 intraperitoneal 9500ug/kg (9.5mg/kg)   Life Sciences, Part 1: Physiology and Pharmacology. Vol. 13, Pg. 1143, 1973.
mouse LD50 oral 9mg/kg (9mg/kg)   Annual Review of Phytopathology. Vol. 12, Pg. 303, 1974.
pig LD50 oral 620ug/kg (0.62mg/kg)   Annual Review of Phytopathology. Vol. 12, Pg. 303, 1974.
pig LD50 unreported 6600ug/kg (6.6mg/kg)   Japanese Journal of Toxicology. Vol. 2, Pg. 377, 1989.
rabbit LD50 oral 400ug/kg (0.4mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) American Journal of Veterinary Research. Vol. 43, Pg. 1027, 1982.
rabbit LD50 unreported 300ug/kg (0.3mg/kg)   Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 23, Pg. 1327, 1981.
rat LD50 intraperitoneal 6mg/kg (6mg/kg)   Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 25, Pg. 458, 1973.
rat LD50 oral 4800ug/kg (4.8mg/kg)   Cancer Research. Vol. 27, Pg. 2370, 1967.
rat LD50 unreported 6mg/kg (6mg/kg)   Toxicon. Vol. 18, Pg. 121, 1980.

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