1398-61-4 Usage
Description
Chitin is a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in the shells of various living organisms such as crabs, lobsters, tortoise, shrimps, and insects, as well as in some fungi and algae. It is a colorless, crystalline or amorphous powder that is insoluble in water, organic solvents, dilute acids, and alkalis. Chitin is structurally similar to cellulose and serves to strengthen the supporting structures of various invertebrates. It is a highly valuable material in biomedical applications due to its high biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, antimicrobial activity, and low immunogenicity.
Uses
Used in Biomedical Applications:
Chitin is used as a substrate to identify, differentiate, and characterize chitinase(s) and chitin deacetylase(s). It is also used in tissue engineering for manufacturing polymer scaffolds to repair, replace, maintain, or enhance the function of a particular tissue or organ. In wound dressing, chitin can be used as an antimicrobial reagent. The water-soluble carboxymethyl chitin (CMC) nanoparticle can be used as an effective carrier in drug delivery.
Used in Agricultural Applications:
Chitin is used as a moisture retainer and film-forming agent in the agricultural industry. It is also used for the analysis of chitinase and as a lysozyme substrate.
Used in Electronics and Energy Storage Applications:
Chitin and its derivatives have gained importance in the field of electronic applications as sensors and energy storage applications. Chitin nanofiber papers are being used as flexible green electronics in solar cells and organic light-emitting diodes.
Used in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering Applications:
Chitin-based composites like chitin beads, chitin nanofibers, and chitin hydrogels are used in drug delivery and tissue engineering applications.
Used in Textiles and Photography:
Chitin and its derivative chitosan are natural biopolymers that are biocompatible and biodegradable, making them useful in various applications like biomedical, electronics, photography, and textiles.
Used in Food Industry:
Chitin may be used as a viscosity/thickening agent or binder in the food industry.
Chemical structure
Chitin is a naturally occurring polymer consisting of 2-acetamido-2- deoxy-D-glucose via a β(1-4) linkage. Three forms of chitin are available, namely α-, β-, and γ-chitin, however, the structure of α-chitin has been investigated more extensively than that of either the β- or γ- form. Very few studies have been carried out on γ-chitin because γ-chitin may be a distorted version of either α- or β-chitin.Its structure is similar to cellulose but with 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucose (NAG) monomer units. Chitin has limited applications because of its acetyl groups, but through the deacetylation process chitin is converted into chitosan. During the deacetylation process, the acetyl group present in chitin is converted into hydroxyl (-OH) and amino (-NH2) groups in the chitosan. The modification of the reactive functional groups present in chitosan opens the possibility of broad application in many fields.
Source
Chitin is usually isolated from the exoskeletons of arthropods’ chitin-based tissue (30%-40% protein, 30%-50% calcium carbonate, and 20%-30% chitin), such as crustaceans, mollusks, insects, and certain fungi. It is a biological nanocomposite material strictly hierarchically organized which reveals various structural levels. At the molecular level is the polysaccharide chitin itself. The next structural level is the arrangement of c. 18-25 of such molecules in the form of narrow and long crystalline units, which are wrapped by proteins, forming nanofibrils of about 2-5 nm diameter and about 300 nm length. The next step in the scale consists of the clustering of some of these nanofibrils into long chitin-protein fibers of about 50-300 nm diameter.Chitin is mainly occurs in three different polymeric α-, β-, and γ-forms. The chains are arranged in stacks or sheets in α-chitin and adjacent sheets along the c-axis have the same direction in a parallel arrangement. The α-chitin occurs in the exoskeletons of crustaceans (e.g., crabs, lobsters, and prawns). In the case of β-chitin, the adjacent sheets along the c-axis present in opposite directions in an antiparallel arrangement and it can be found in squid pen, certain diatoms, and vestimentiferans (a class of deep-sea animal). However every third sheet is in the opposite direction to the preceding sheets in γ-chitin. It mainly exists in fungi and yeast.
Preparation
Chitin (C8H13O5N)n, is derived from the Greek word “chiton,” meaning a coat of mail. It is a natural polysaccharide of β-(1-4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine monomers, first identified by the chemist Henri Braconnot in 1811.A suspension of chitin crystallite particles was first prepared by Marchessault et al. in 1959. In this method, 2.5 N hydrochloric acid solution was used to treat purified chitin under reflux for 1 h. After the reflux, the excess acid was separated by a decantation process and then distilled water was added to obtain the suspension. It was observed from their method that the acid-hydrolyzed chitin spontaneously dispersed into rod-like particles that could be concentrated to a liquid crystalline phase and self-assembled to a cholesteric liquid crystalline phase above a certain concentration. Though chitins are present within numerous taxonomic groups, on the commercial scale they are usually extracted from marine crustaceans, mainly because a large amount of waste is available as a by-product of food processing.
References
Kumar, Majeti NV Ravi. "A review of chitin and chitosan applications." Reactive and functional polymers 46.1 (2000): 1-27.
Jayakumar, R., et al. "Biomedical applications of chitin and chitosan based nanomaterials—A short review." Carbohydrate Polymers 82.2 (2010): 227-232.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 1398-61-4 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 1,3,9 and 8 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 6 and 1 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 1398-61:
(6*1)+(5*3)+(4*9)+(3*8)+(2*6)+(1*1)=94
94 % 10 = 4
So 1398-61-4 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C28H49N3O16/c1-11(35)29-21-19(9-44-8-15-17(5-33)47-28(42)23(25(15)39)31-13(3)37)45-16(4-32)14(24(21)38)7-43-10-20-22(30-12(2)36)27(41)26(40)18(6-34)46-20/h14-28,32-34,38-42H,4-10H2,1-3H3,(H,29,35)(H,30,36)(H,31,37)/t14-,15-,16?,17?,18?,19+,20+,21?,22?,23?,24+,25+,26-,27-,28-/m1/s1
1398-61-4Relevant articles and documents
Resolution of stereoisomers of aliphatic epoxides
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, (2008/06/13)
A method of resolving a mixture of stereoisomers of an aliphatic epoxide containing two or less oxygen atoms is provided. The method comprises utilizing a polysaccharide or a derivative thereof as a resolving agent.
X-ray contrast compositions containing a barium salt and film-forming materials
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, (2008/06/13)
Disclosed are x-ray contrast compositions for oral or retrograde examination of the gastrointestinal tract comprising a polymeric material capable of forming a coating on the gastrointestinal tract and a barium salt in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and methods for their use in diagnostic radiology of the gastrointestinal tract.