154-42-7 Usage
Description
6-Thioguanine, also known as Thioguanine or 2-Amino-6-purinethiol, is an antineoplastic metabolic antagonist that appears as an odorless or almost odorless pale yellow crystalline powder. It is available in 40-mg tablets for oral use and is primarily used to treat acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. As a 2-aminopurine, it is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine, exhibiting unique hydrogen bonding properties at the N-7 of the purine ring. 6-Thioguanine is a crystalline, lyophilized, sterile, and endot product that is white or slightly yellow with an umami taste. It is easily soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and acetone. Its brand name is Tioguanine, which is recognized as the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) and British Approved Name (BAN).
Uses
1. Anticancer Applications:
Used in Oncology:
6-Thioguanine is used as an antineoplastic and purine antimetabolite for the treatment of acute leukemias. It inhibits DNA synthesis by being metabolically converted to 6-thioGMP, which in turn inhibits purine biosynthesis at multiple steps and may be phosphorylated and incorporated into DNA.
2. Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases:
Used in Gastroenterology:
6-Thioguanine is used as a therapeutic agent for ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and autoimmune diseases. Its usage in treating IBD has been linked to nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) in the liver.
3. Psoriasis Treatment:
Used in Dermatology:
6-Thioguanine is utilized in the treatment of psoriasis, a chronic skin condition characterized by the rapid growth and shedding of skin cells.
4. Inhibition of TRAIL Protein Expression:
Used in Immunology:
6-Thioguanine acts as an inhibitor of stimulated expression of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) protein, which plays a role in the regulation of immune responses and apoptosis.
5. Research and Development:
Used in Cancer Cell Line Studies:
6-Thioguanine has been used to induce autophagy and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cell lines, such as HCT116.
Used in Mutation and Survival Assays:
In the field of genetic research, 6-Thioguanine serves as a selection marker in the mutation and survival assay in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts culture V79.
Used in Clonogenic Lung Metastasis Assays:
6-Thioguanine is also utilized as a selection marker in clonogenic lung metastasis assays of 4T1-luc cells, which are used to study the metastatic potential of cancer cells.
Originator
Thioguanine,Burroughs-Wellcome,US,1966
Indications
6-Thioguanine is a purine analogue structurally related
to 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine. Thioguanine interferes
with several enzymes required for de novo
purine synthesis, and its metabolites are incorporated
into DNA and RNA, further impeding nucleic acid synthesis.
The mechanism of action of thioguanine in psoriasis
is not clearly understood; it has been hypothesized
to affect the proliferation and trafficking of lymphocytes
as well as the proliferation of keratinocytes.
Manufacturing Process
A mixture of 2.7 grams of finely divided guanine, 10 grams of pulverized
phosphorus pentasulfide, 10 ml of pyridine and 100 ml of tetralin was heated
at 200°C with mechanical stirring for 5 hours. After cooling, the mixture was
filtered and the insoluble residue treated with 150 ml of water and 50 ml of
concentrated ammonium hydroxide. The ammoniacal solution was filtered,
heated to boiling and acidified with acetic acid. Upon cooling, 2-amino-6-
mercaptopurine precipitated as a dark yellow powder, according to US Patent
2,697,709.
Therapeutic Function
Cancer chemotherapy
Air & Water Reactions
6-Thioguanine may be sensitive to prolonged exposure to air. Insoluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
6-Thioguanine is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Fire Hazard
Flash point data for 6-Thioguanine are not available; however, 6-Thioguanine is probably combustible.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Ribosylated and phosphorylated by the same pathway as natural purine bases; as the nucleotide, inhibits a variety of cellular processes involved in nucleic acid synthesis. Has a long history as an effective treatment of leukemia.
Mechanism of action
The mechanism of action involves incorporation of thetriphosphate into DNA and RNA, resulting in inhibition ofprocessing and function. Thioguanine is a purine antagonist. It is a pro-drug that is converted intracellullarly directly to thioguanine monophosphate (also called 6-thioguanylic acid) (TGMP) by the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT). TGMP is further converted to the di- and triphosphates, thioguanosine diphosphate (TGDP) and thioguanosine triphosphate (TGTP). The cytotoxic effect of thioguanine is a result of the incorporation of these nucleotides into DNA. Thioguanine has some immunosuppressive activity.1 Thioguanine is specific for the S phase of the cell cycle.
Side effects
Dose-related myelosuppression is the major adverse
effect produced by 6-thioguanine. Patients deficient in
thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT), a cytosolic enzyme
required for metabolism of 6-thioguanine, are at
heightened risk. Other adverse effects include gastrointestinal
complaints and elevations of liver transaminases.
There have been rare reports of more serious hepatotoxicity,
including acute hepatitis, acute cholestasis,
and hepatic venoocclusive disease.
Safety Profile
Poison by ingestion andintraperitoneal routes. Human mutation data reported. Anexperimental teratogen. Other reproductive effects. Ahuman skin irritant. When heated to decomposition itemits very toxic fumes of SOx and NOx.
Synthesis
Thioguanine, 2-aminopurin-6-thiol (30.1.2.12), is made from 2,8-dichloro-
6-hydroxypurine (30.1.2.7), in which the second chlorine atom at C2 is replaced with an
amino group when reacted with ammonia, forming 2-amino-8-chloro-6-hydroxy-purine
(30.1.2.7), which is then reduced by hydrogen iodide to 2-aminopurin-6-ol (30.1.2.11).
Replacement of the hydroxyl group with a mercapto group at C6 is carried out by reacting
it with phosphorous pentasulfide, which forms thioguanine (30.1.2.12).
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
Thioguanine may be useful as adjunctive therapy for acute lymphocytic
or granulocytic leukemia in dogs or cats.
Drug interactions
Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Antipsychotics: avoid concomitant use with
clozapine (increased risk of agranulocytosis).
Metabolism
Tioguanine undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver and other tissues to several active and inactive metabolites. Tioguanine is inactivated mainly by methylation to aminomethylthiopurine; small amounts are deaminated to thioxanthine, and may go on to be oxidised by xanthine oxidase to thiouric acid, but inactivation is essentially independent of xanthine oxidase and is not affected by inhibition of the enzyme. 24-46% of the dose is excreted in the urine within 24 hours. It is excreted in the urine almost entirely as metabolites
Purification Methods
It crystallises from H2O as needles. It has UV at 258 and 347nm (H2O, pH 1) and 242, 270 and 322nm max (H2O, pH 11). [Elion & Hitchings J Am Chem Soc 77 1676 1955, Fox et al. J Am Chem Soc 80 1669 1958.] It is an antineoplastic agent [Kataoka et al. Cancer Res 44 519 1984]. [Beilstein 26 III/IV 3926.]
References
1) Wang and Wang (2009), 6-thioguanine perturbs cytosine methylation at the CpG dinucleotide site by DNA methyltransferases in vitro and acts as a DNA demethylating agent in vivo; Biochemistry, 48 22902) Yuan et al. (2011), 6-thioguanine reactivates epigenetically silenced genes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells by facilitating proteasome-mediated degradation of DNMT1; Cancer Res., 71 19043) Bohon and de los Santos (2005), Effect of 6-thioguanine on the stability of duplex DNA; Nucleic Acid Res., 33 28804) Issaeva et al. (2010), 6-thioguanine selectively kills BRCA2-defective tumors and overcomes PARP inhibitor resistance; Cancer Res., 70 6268
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 154-42-7 includes 6 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 3 digits, 1,5 and 4 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 4 and 2 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 154-42:
(5*1)+(4*5)+(3*4)+(2*4)+(1*2)=47
47 % 10 = 7
So 154-42-7 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C5H5N5S/c6-5-9-3-2(4(11)10-5)7-1-8-3/h1H,(H4,6,7,8,9,10,11)/p-1
154-42-7Relevant articles and documents
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Elion,Hitchings
, p. 1676 (1955)
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Antimetabolites produced by microorganisms. 3. 2-aminopurine-6-thiol (thioguanine).
Scannel,Pruess,Kellett,Demny,Stempel
, p. 328 - 329 (1971)
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PRETREATMENT AGENTS FOR KERATIN FIBERS COMPRISING 4-MORPHOLINO-METHYL-SUBSTITUTED SILICONE(S)
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Paragraph 161, (2014/09/16)
The invention relates to pretreatment agents for keratin fibers, which include, based on its weight, 0.00001 to 10 wt. % of at least one 4-morpholino-methyl-substituted silicone, which includes in each case at least one of the structural units of the formulae (I), (II) and (III) described herein, wherein * represents a bond to one of the structural units (I), (II) or (III) or an end group B (Si-bound) or D (O-bound); B represents a group —OH, —O—Si(CH3)3, —O—Si(CH3)2OH, —O—Si(CH3)2OCH3; D represents a group —H; —Si(CH3)3, —Si(CH3)2OH, —Si(CH3)2OCH3; A represents an O-bound structural unit (I), (II) or (III) or a O-bound oligomeric or polymeric radical including structural units of the formulae (I), (II) or (III) or half of a connecting O atom to a structural unit (III) or represents —OH; n, m and o represent whole numbers between 1 and 1000 and include at least 50 wt. % of water.
Photo-oxidation of 6-thioguanine by UVA: The formation of addition products with low molecular weight thiol compounds
Ren, Xiaolin,Xu, Yao-Zhong,Karran, Peter
experimental part, p. 1038 - 1045 (2011/06/20)
The thiopurine, 6-thioguanine (6-TG) is present in the DNA of patients treated with the immunosuppressant and anticancer drugs azathioprine or mercaptopurine. The skin of these patients is selectively sensitive to UVA radiation-which comprises >90% of the UV light in incident sunlight-and they suffer high rates of skin cancer. UVA irradiation of DNA 6-TG produces DNA lesions that may contribute to the development of cancer. Antioxidants can protect 6-TG against UVA but 6-TG oxidation products may undergo further reactions. We characterize some of these reactions and show that addition products are formed between UVA-irradiated 6-TG and N-acetylcysteine and other low molecular weight thiol compounds including β-mercaptoethanol, cysteine and the cysteine-containing tripeptide glutathione (GSH). GSH is also adducted to 6-TG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides in an oxygen- and UVA-dependent nucleophilic displacement reaction that involves an intermediate oxidized 6-TG, guanine sulfonate (GSO3). These photochemical reactions of 6-TG, particularly the formation of a covalent oligodeoxynucleotide-GSH complex, suggest that crosslinking of proteins or low molecular weight thiol compounds to DNA may be a previously unrecognized hazard in sunlight-exposed cells of thiopurine-treated patients.
HAIR TREATMENT PRODUCTS COMPRISING POLYMERS
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, (2009/12/24)
The invention relates to hair treatment products, comprising at least one copolymer made of 0.1 to 50% (in relation to the total number of monomers in the copolymer) monomers of the formula (I), wherein the unknowns are defined as in claim 1, and A2) are monomers from the group of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and the like, and—optionally non-ionic monomers from the group of acrylamide, vinyl alcohol, and the like, wherein the monomers A2 and A3 together represent 50 to 99.9% (in relation to the total number of monomers in the copolymer) of the copolymer, at least one silicon and at least one selected care product, wherein the products result in advantageous effects for skin and hair.
