479-66-3 Usage
Description
Fulvic acid is a complex mixture of organic acids that are components of humus, a fraction of soil organic matter. They are similar in structure to humic acids but differ in carbon and oxygen content, acidity, degree of polymerization, molecular weight, and color. Fulvic acid remains in solution after the removal of humic acid from humin by acidification. It is an organic natural electrolyte that can enhance the availability and adsorption of nutrients.
Uses
Used in Agriculture:
Fulvic acid is used as a plant biostimulant for promoting plant growth. It is produced by the biodegradation of lignin-containing plant organic matter and contributes to the cation exchange capacity of the soil. Fulvic acid acts as a non-toxic mineral-chelating additive and water binder, maximizing nutrient uptake through leaves and stimulating plant productivity. It attracts water molecules, helping the soil to remain moist and aiding the movement of nutrients into plant roots. Fulvic acid easily binds or chelates minerals such as iron, calcium, copper, zinc, and magnesium, delivering these elements directly to plants.
Used in Organic Electrolytes:
Fulvic acid is used as a powerful organic natural electrolyte that can balance and energize biological properties it comes into contact with. It serves to balance cell life and restore normal chemical balance and electrical potential in plant and animal cells.
Used in Electrochemical Balance:
Fulvic acid is used as an electron donor or acceptor, based on the cell's requirements for balance. It participates in oxidation reactions as a donor and reduction reactions as an acceptor, with trace minerals in the Fulvic acid electrolyte potentially serving as electrodes.
Used in Complexing and Dissolving Minerals and Trace Elements:
Fulvic acid is used for dissolving minerals and metals in water, transforming them into bio-chemically reactive and mobile forms. It chelates metallic minerals, turning them into readily absorbable bio-available forms and has the unique ability to weather and dissolve silica.
Used in Promoting Assimilation and Metabolism:
Fulvic acid metal organic complexes, due to their low molecular weight and size, are capable of high penetration into cells. They can readily pass through semi-permeable membranes such as cell walls, promoting assimilation and metabolism in plants and animals.
Sources
Fulvic acid can reach high concentrations in solution in poorly drained areas such as bogs and swamps[6] and can sometimes be seen in streams where the water colour would be brown but clear. Humus from geological deposits such as black coal when oxidized, brown coal or lignite is composed of high humic acid but low fulvic acid contents due to leaching. Due to the solubility of fulvic acids in water and the fact that it easily leaches out of source material, it is usually only present in very low concentrations[0.2 – 1% w/v] in leonardite, peat, compost etc. sources. Some companies will dry fulvic acids to a powder, but drying is usually a costly practice that will reflect in the price of these products. Currently in South Africa, a high concentration fulvic acid product, from a sustainable renewable resource has shown to have high ion charge neutralizing and biological activities[6].
Humic and Fulvic acid
Humic Acid and Fulvic Acid represent organic compounds having bio-stimulant role. They are both used to improve nutrient absorption and they are largely used in the supplement industry in different forms. They attach to organic molecules or mineral ions and they hold firmly not to be dissolved in soil but loosely for plants to use them as needed[7].
Figure 2 chemical properties of Fulvic acid and humic acid[8].
Humic acids are considered to be the high molecular weight, less oxidized black to dark brown substances and which is the fraction that is not soluble in water under acidic conditions[pH < 2] but is soluble at higher pH values. Humic acids are the major extractable component of soil HS and are the primary organic compounds of soil[humus, peat, compost, manure and coal][9] Commercial humic acid products are usually a salt of Potassium, Sodium or Ammonium and due to the fact that it is extracted with the hydroxides of these ions, the solutions are alkaline and at a pH above 10. In productive agricultural soils, where the pH ranges between 5 and 7, a large portion of the humic acids from these sources occurs as precipitated particles that cannot be taken up by plant roots. It can then only assist in enhancing the uptake and utilization of nutrient minerals from the soil by binding the charged minerals on its ion exchange sites and prevent it from reacting with phosphate anions[Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+] to form insoluble phosphate compounds or with sulphate anions to form poorly soluble gypsum[CaSO4]2[10]. It does however contribute towards cation exchange capacity[CEC] in the soil at sufficient concentrations.
Fulvic acids are soluble in water under all pH conditions and remain in solution after removal of humic acid by acidification. Fulvic acids can also be described as being “humic acids” of lower molecular weight and higher oxygen content. The colour of fulvic acids can vary from light yellow to brown in colour. In contrast with humic acids, fulvic acids that are always in solution, especially at the pH of productive agricultural soils, also contribute towards CEC of the soil with the main difference that mineral nutrient fulvate complexes are then in solution and both organic molecule and nutrient ion can be taken up by plant roots and therefore utilized by the plant. Water-soluble nutrients and organic molecules do leach in soils but the rate of leaching as an organic-mineral complex, in relative terms, are much slower compared to the minerals alone in a water solution. Fulvic acids are poly-electrolytes and are unique colloids that diffuse easily through membranes and are therefore easily taken up by plant roots and leaves, whereas all other colloids like humic acid colloids do not.[10] Thus, fulvic acids in comparison to humic acids, contribute directly towards efficient nutrient uptake and utilization from soils.
Physiochemical property
The presence of functional groups like carboxylic and phenol groups allows fulvic acids to form complexes with ions such as Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+. Usually fulvic acids have two or more of these groups arranged as to enable the formation of chelate complexes[11, 12]. Elemental characterization of humic fractions on an atomic basis by Helal[2007][13] shows that fulvic acids contains 22% more hydrogen to carbon atoms, 21% more oxygen than carbon and 14% more carboxylic acid groups than humic acids. This implies that fulvic acids are more reactive towards reacting with cations or in other words fulvic acids contain more functional groups of an acidic nature, particularly COOH. The total acidity of fulvic acids[900 1400 meq/100g] are considerably higher than for humic acids[400 870 meq/100g][Yamauchi et al, 1984][10].
Reference
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Chefetz, Benny; Chen, Yona; Hadar, Yitzhak; Hatcher, Patrick G.[1998-03-04]. "Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter Extracted from Composted Municipal Solid Waste". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 62[2]: 326.?
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STEVENSON F.J.: HUMUS CHEMISTRY GENESIS, COMPOSITION, REACTIONS. WILLEY INTERSCIENCE, NEW YORK 1982.
STEVENSON F.J.[1994]. HUMUS CHEMISTRY: GENESIS, COMPOSITION, REACTIONS. NEW YORK: JOHN WILEY & SONS.?
YAMAUCHI, MASASHIGE; KATAYAMA, SADAMU; TODOROKI, TOSHIHARU; WATANABLE, TOSHIO[1984]. "TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF FULVIC ACID". JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY, CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS[23]: 1565-6.
STEVENSON FJ. ORGANIC FORMS OF SOIL NITROGEN. IN: WILEY JOHN, EDITOR. HUMIC CHEMISTRY: GENESIS, COMPOSITION, REACTION. NEW YORK: 1994. PP. 59–95.
VERMEER AWP. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HUMIC ACID AND HEMATITE AND THEIR EFFECTS ON METAL ION SPECIATION. THE NETHERLANDS: WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY; 1996.[PHD THESIS]
A.A. HELAL J. SAUDI CHEM. SOC., 11/3[2007], PP. 377–386
Malan, C.[2015] Review: humic and fulvic acids. A Practical Approach.In Sustainable soil management symposium. Stellenbosch, 5-6 November 2015, Agrilibrium Publisher.
Yamauchi, M., Katayama, S., Todoroki, T., Watanable, T.[1984] Total synthesis of fulvic acid. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications. 23, 1565-1576.
Lotfi, R., Pessarakli, M., Gharavi-Kouchebagh, P., Khoshvaghti, H.[2015] Physiological responses of Brassica napus to fulvic acid under water stress: Chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activity. The Crop Journal, 3, 434 439.
Xudan, X.[1987] The effect of foliar application of fulvic acid on water use, nutrient uptake and yield in wheat. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 37, 343-350.
18. Schmidt, W., Cesco, S., Santi, S., Pinton, R., Varanini, Z.[2005] Water-extractable humic substances as nutrient acquisition signals for root hairs development in Arabidopsis. In: Hartmann, A.,
Schmid, M., Wenzel, W., Hinnsinger, P.[2004] Rizosphere Perspectives and Challenges, 1171-1178, Elsevier.
Khang, V.T.[2011] Fulvic foliar fertilizer impact on growth of rice and radish at first stage. Omonrice, 18, 144-148.
Yigit, F., Dikilita?, M.[2008] Effect of humic acid applications on the root-rot diseases caused by Fusarium spp. on tomato plants. Plant Pathology, 7[2], 179-182.
Suh, H. Y., Yoo, K. S., Suh, S. G.[2014] Effect of foliar application of fulvic acid on plant growth and fruit quality of tomato[Lycopersicon esculentum L.]. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 55[6], 455–461.
Kamel, S. M., Afifi, M. M. I., El-shoraky, F., El-Sawy, M. M.[2014] Fulvic acid: a tool for controlling powdery and downy mildews in cucumber plants. International Journal of Phytopathology, 3[2], 101-108
Aggag, A. M., Alzoheiry, A. M., Abdallah, A. E.[2015] Effect of kaolin and fulvic acid antitranspirants on tomato plants grown under different water regimes. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 36[2], 169-179.
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Yang, S., Zhang, Z., Cong, L., Wang, X., Shi, S.[2013] Effect of fulvic acid on the phosphorus availability in acid soil. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 13[3], 526-533.
Anjum, S. A., Wang, L., Farooq, M., Xue, L., Ali, S.[2011] Fulvic acid application improves the maize performance under well-watered and drought conditions. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 197[6], 409417.
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Vital electrolytes – Baker, W.E.[1973]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37, 269-281.
Gamble, D.S., & Schnitzer, M.[1974]. Trace Metals and Metal-Organic Interactions in Natural Waters. Ann Arbor, Mi: Ann Arbor Science.
Power of an electorlyte – Crile, G.[1926]. A bipolar theory of living porcesses. New York: McMillan.
powerful electrolyte – Jackson, William R.[1993]. Humic, Fulvic and Microbial Balance: Organic Soil Conditioning, 329. Evergeen, Colorado: Jackson Research Center.
New Electronic Encyclopedia.[1991]. Photosynthesis. Grolier Electronic Publishing.
Donor and receptor – Rashid, M.A.[1985]. Geochemistry of marine humic substances. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Donor, receptorSposito, G., Holtzclaw, K.M., LeVesque, C.S., & Johnston, C.T.[1982]. Trace metal chemistry in aridzone field soils amended with sewage sludge. II. Comparative study of the fulvic acid fraction. Soil Science Society America Journal, 46. 265-270.
Mineral complexes in fulvic may serve as electrodes – Rashid, M.A.[1985]. Geochemistry of marine humic substances. New York: SpringerVerlag.
Free radical – Senesi, N.[1990] Analytica Chmica Acta, 232, 51-75. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
Dissolves metals and minerals – Ong, H.L., Swanson, V.D., & Bisque, R.E.[1970] Natural organic acids as agents of chemical weathering[130170]. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 700 c. Washngton, DC: U.S. Geological Survey.
Genetic and growth-Jackson, William R.[1993]. Humic, Fulvic and Microbial Balance: Organic Soil Conditioning, 538. Evergreen, Colorado: Jackson Research Center.
Oxygen is absorbed – Kononova, M.M.[1966]. Soil organic matter. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
Rapid transport to shootsKononova, M.M.[1966]. Soil organic matter. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon
immune system – Syltic, P.W.[1985]. Effects of very small amounts of highly active biological substances on plant growth. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 2, 245-269; and, Research reports and studies, Appropriate Technology Ltd. Dallas, TX: Murray Sinks II of ATL[Publisher].
Modify damage by toxic compounds – Christman, R.F., & Gjessing, E.T.[1983]. Aquatic and terrestrial humic materials. The Butterworth Grove, Kent, England: Ann Arbor Science.?
Prakash, A.[1971]. Terrigenous organic matter and coastal phytoplankton fertility. In J.D. Costlow[Ed.], Fertility of the sea, 2, 351-368.[Proceedings of an International Symposium on Fertility of the Sea, Sao Paulo, Brazil, London, and New York: Gordon and Breach Science]
Enhance and transport nutrients – Prakish, A.[1971]. Fertility of the Sea, 2, 351-368.
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Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 479-66-3 includes 6 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 3 digits, 4,7 and 9 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 6 and 6 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 479-66:
(5*4)+(4*7)+(3*9)+(2*6)+(1*6)=93
93 % 10 = 3
So 479-66-3 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C14H12O8/c1-14(20)3-8-5(4-21-14)11(16)9-7(22-8)2-6(15)12(17)10(9)13(18)19/h2,15,17,20H,3-4H2,1H3,(H,18,19)
