855405-55-9Relevant articles and documents
Diboron-mediated palladium-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation using the proton of alcohols as hydrogen source
Wu, Bo,Yang, Jimin,Hu, Shu-Bo,Yu, Chang-Bin,Zhao, Zi-Biao,Luo, Yi,Zhou, Yong-Gui
, p. 1743 - 1749 (2021/09/06)
The developments of hydrogen sources stand at the forefront of asymmetric reduction. In contrast to the well-studied alcohols as hydrogen sources via β-hydride elimination, the direct utilization of the proton of alcohols as a hydrogen source for activator-mediated asymmetric reduction is rarely explored. Herein we report the proton of alcohols as a hydrogen source in diboron-mediated palladium-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of 1,3-diketones and indoles, providing a series of chiral β-hydroxy ketones and indolines with excellent yields and enantioselectivities. This strategy would be useful for the synthesis of chiral deuterium-labelled compounds due to the ready availability of deuterium-labelled alcohols. Mechanistic investigations and DFT calculations revealed that active chiral Pd-H species was generated from the proton of alcohols by activating of tetrahydroxydiboron, hydrogen transfer was the rate-determining step, and the reaction preferred Pd(0)-catalyzed mechanism. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
Homogenous Pd-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of unprotected indoles: Scope and mechanistic studies
Duan, Ying,Li, Lu,Chen, Mu-Wang,Yu, Chang-Bin,Fan, Hong-Jun,Zhou, Yong-Gui
supporting information, p. 7688 - 7700 (2014/06/10)
An efficient palladium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of a variety of unprotected indoles has been developed that gives up to 98% ee using a strong Br?nsted acid as the activator. This methodology was applied in the facile synthesis of biologically active products containing a chiral indoline skeleton. The mechanism of Pd-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation was investigated as well. Isotope-labeling reactions and ESI-HRMS proved that an iminium salt formed by protonation of the C=C bond of indoles was the significant intermediate in this reaction. The important proposed active catalytic Pd-H species was observed with 1H NMR spectroscopy. It was found that proton exchange between the Pd-H active species and solvent trifluoroethanol (TFE) did not occur, although this proton exchange had been previously observed between metal hydrides and alcoholic solvents. Density functional theory calculations were also carried out to give further insight into the mechanism of Pd-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of indoles. This combination of experimental and theoretical studies suggests that Pd-catalyzed hydrogenation goes through a stepwise outer-sphere and ionic hydrogenation mechanism. The activation of hydrogen gas is a heterolytic process assisted by trifluoroacetate of Pd complex via a six-membered-ring transition state. The reaction proceeds well in polar solvent TFE owing to its ability to stabilize the ionic intermediates in the Pd-H generation step. The strong Br?nsted acid activator can remarkably decrease the energy barrier for both Pd-H generation and hydrogenation. The high enantioselectivity arises from a hydrogen-bonding interaction between N-H of the iminium salt and oxygen of the coordinated trifluoroacetate in the eight-membered-ring transition state for hydride transfer, while the active chiral Pd complex is a typical bifunctional catalyst, effecting both the hydrogenation and hydrogen-bonding interaction between the iminium salt and the coordinated trifluoroacetate of Pd complex. Notably, the Pd-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation is relatively tolerant to oxygen, acid, and water.
Pd-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of unprotected indoles activated by bronsted acids
Wang, Duo-Sheng,Chen, Qing-An,Li, Wei,Yu, Chang-Bin,Zhou, Yong-Gui,Zhang, Xumu
supporting information; experimental part, p. 8909 - 8911 (2010/08/22)
The first highly enantioselective hydrogenation of simple indoles was developed with a Brnsted acid as an activator to form the iminium intermediate in situ, which was hydrogenated using Pd(OCOCF3)2/(R)-H8- BINAP catalyst system with up to 96% ee. The present method provides an efficient route to enantioenriched 2-substituted and 2,3-disubstituted indolines.
