15364-23-5

Basic information

• Product Name: chloride hydrochloride
• CAS NO: 15364-23-5
• Molecular Formula: HCl₂
• Molecular Weight: 71.9145
• Mol File: 15364-23-5.mol
• Article Data: 90

Chemical Properties

• Vapor Pressure: 33900mmHg at 25°C
• CAS DataBase Reference: chloride hydrochloride(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: chloride hydrochloride(15364-23-5)
• EPA Substance Registry System: chloride hydrochloride(15364-23-5)

Safety Data

• Hazardous Substances Data: 15364-23-5(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

General Description

Chloride hydrochloride is a chemical compound that is formed by combining the elements chlorine and hydrogen. It is an inorganic acid with the chemical formula HCl, and is commonly known as hydrochloric acid. chloride hydrochloride is highly corrosive and can cause severe burns when it comes into contact with skin or eyes. It is widely used in industry for cleaning and as a chemical reagent. In the laboratory, it is commonly used in various chemical processes and as a source of chloride ion in chemical reactions. In addition, hydrochloric acid is also used in various industrial processes, such as the production of PVC, pharmaceuticals, and food processing.

Upstream product

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Relevant articles and documents

Laser-initiated chemical chain reactions

A detailed kinetic and experimental analysis is presented for chemical chain reaction processes initiated by well-controlled, low power laser pulses.Realtime evolution of the chain reaction is followed by direct detection of infrared chemiluminescence from vibrationally excited HCl product molecules produced by one of the propagation reactions in the chain.By appropriate choice of conditions, the chain reactions may be analyzed separately for pseudofirst-order, radical-reagent processes as well as for second-order, radical-radical events.The pulsed laser initiation technique is applied to three sample chain systems which exhibit distinctly different chain lengths, rates, and termination behaviors.These systems are Cl2/H2S, Cl2/H2, and Cl2/CH3SH.In the case of Cl2/H2S, detailed rate constant data are obtained for the fundamental chain propagation steps, and appropriate chain termination steps are assigned from the observations.The results demonstrate a new, general technique for the quantitative study of chemical chain reactions and related combustion processes.

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Heterogeneous Reaction of HNO3(g) + NaCl(s) -> HCl(g) + NaNO3(s) and N2O5(g) + NaCl(s) -> ClNO2(g) + NaNO3(s)

The hetrogeneous reactions of HNO3(g) + NaCl(s) -> HCl(g) + NaNO3(s) (eq 1) and N2O5(g) + NaCl(s) -> ClNO2(g) + NaNO3(s) (eq 2) were investigated over the temperature range 223-296 K in a flow-tube reactor coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer.Either a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) or an electron-impact ionization mass spectrometer (EIMS) was used to provide suitable detection sensitivity and selectivity.In order to mimic atmospheric conditions, partial pressures of HNO3 and N2O5 in the range 6 x 10-8 ca. 2 x 10-6 Torr were used.Granule sizes and surface roughness of the solid NaCl substrates were determined by us ing a scanning electron microscope.For dry NaCl substrates, decay rates of HNO3 were used to obtain γ(1) = 0.013 +/- 0.004 (1?) at 296 K and >0.008 at 223 K, respectively.The error quoted is the statistical error.After all corrections were made, the overall error, including systematic error, was estimated to be about a factor of 2.HCl was found to be the sole gas-phase product of reaction 1.The mechanism changed from heterogeneous reaction to predominantly physical adsorption when the reactor was cooled from 296 to 223 K.For reaction 2 using dry salts, γ(2) was found to be less then 1.0 x 10-4 at both 223 and 296 K.The gas-phase reaction product was identified as ClNO2 in previous studies using an infrared spectrometer.An emhancement in reaction probability was observed if water was not completely removed from salt surfaces, probably due to the reaction of N2O5(g) + H2O(s) -> 2HNO3(g).Our results are compared with previous literature values obtained using diferent experimental techniques and conditions.The implications of the present results for the enhancement of the hydrogen chloride column density in the lower stratosphere after EI Chichon volcanic eruption and for the chemistry of HCl and HNO3 in the marine troposphere are discussed.

New organotin and organosilicon derivatives of P/As/Sb/Bi-polyoxotungstates

Mono- or bis(organoelement)-substituted Keggin molybdotungstophosphates K4[C6H5SnPMo2W9O 39]·14H2O, K4[C4H9SnPMo2 W9O3

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In situ monitoring of the NaCl + HNO3 surface reaction: The observation of mobile surface strings

The reaction of single-crystal NaCl(100) with dry HNO3 was monitored using atomic force microscopy in contact mode. Initial exposure to dry HNO3 results in the growth of a two-dimensional metastable layer of NaNO3 to nearly complete surface coverage. Exposure of this metastable NaNO3 layer to small amounts of H2O produces deliquescence of the surface with concomitant rearrangement of the NaNO3 adlayer to form unusual mobile strings presumed to contain NaNO3. These strings are transient and eventually crystallize to form rhombohedral NaNO3 crystals sitting on top of the NaCl surface.

Neon matrix-isolation infrared spectrum of HOOCl measured upon the VUV-light irradiation of an HCl/O2 mixture

Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photolysis of an HCl/O2 mixture has been carried out to identify HOOCl by the Ne matrix-isolation infrared spectroscopy with the aid of quantum chemical calculations. Newly-observed IR bands at 823, 1363 and 3542 cm-1 are assigned to those of HOOCl on the basis of the isotope shifts with DOOCl and the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVDZ calculation. The observed dependence of band intensities on the time of VUV photolysis indicates that HOOCl and HOClO are the photoproducts formed in an early stage. In addition, HOOCl is found to decompose to form HCl in the UV photolysis (λ ≥ 365 nm), which consists with the S1-S0 energy separation estimated by the TDDFT method.

Laser-photolysis/time-resolved Fourier-transform absorption spectroscopy: Formation and quenching of HCl(v) in the chain reaction Cl/Cl2/H2

A system to measure time-resolved Fourier-transform infrared absorption spectra of gaseous samples using a commercial step-scan spectrometer is described. To increase the signal intensity, the incident infrared light is multipassed within a White cell. Light from a photolysis laser passes through the reaction cell to initiate the reaction in the flowing gaseous sample. The variation of absorbance is obtained from the ac-coupled signal whereas phase information and a reference spectrum are from the dc-coupled signal. The system is tested by probing the temporal evolution of HCl(v) in the chain reaction of H2 and Cl2 initiated by photolysis at 355 nm. Time-resolved absorption spectra of HCl(v=0-2) were obtained with spectral resolution 0.75 cm-1 and intervals down to 5 μs. Kinetic modeling of deduced temporal profiles of HCl(v=0-2) yields rate coefficients of (1.38+0.04) × 10-14 and (5.8±0.4) × 10-15 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 (in which error limits represent only the uncertainty of the fit) for reactions Cl+H2→HCl(v=0)+H and Cl+H2→HCl(v=1)+H, respectively; the total rate coefficient is in agreement with previous kinetic measurements.

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Hydrogen-bridged bis(silylene) complexes of ruthenium and iron: Synthesis, structures and multi-centre bonding interactions at the M-Si-H-Si four-membered ring

Hydrogen-bridged bis(silylene) complexes of ruthenium and iron were synthesized as the first examples of this type containing Group 8 metals and their rare four-membered ring structures and multi-center bonding interactions at the M-Si-H-Si moiety were clarified by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and theoretical calculations.

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Nano-manganese hydrogen sulfate as a novel catalyst for the anti-diastereoselective Mannich reaction in water

β-Amino carbonyl compounds are attractive targets for chemical synthesis, because they are widely used as biologically active compounds and are important synthons for a variety of pharmaceuticals. Nano-manganese hydrogen sulfate was prepared and used as a novel nano-catalyst for the named organic transformation, i.e. Mannich-type reaction of benzaldehyde, aniline, and cyclohexanone in water. Mannich products were obtained in high yields, with excellent diastereoselectivity, and short reaction time in the presence of a catalytic system comprising nano-Mn(HSO4)2 and a surfactant, for example sodium dodecyl sulfate. Use of mild, environmentally benign reaction conditions, low loading, and ready accessibility are the main features of this new catalyst.

Thermal behavior of the β-blocker propranolol

The thermal behavior of the β-blocker anti-hypertensive drug propranolol was investigated using thermoanalytical techniques TG-DTA, DSC and the evolved gas analysis by TG-FTIR, providing information regarding thermal stability, decomposition steps, melting point and heat of fusion of the compound. The results pointed for the decomposition in a single mass loss step, after melting. DSC data revealed that cold crystallization occurred in heat-cool-heat cycles, around 165 °C. TG-FTIR presented 1-naphthol, isopropylamine and HCl as principal decomposition products. A tentative mechanism for the thermal behavior of propranolol is presented.

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Low-temperature catalytic oxidation of vinyl chloride over Ru modified Co3O4 catalysts

Ruthenium modified cobalt oxides were prepared by (1) impregnating ruthenium chloride hydrate on cobalt oxides, Ru-supported catalysts (Ru/Co3O4), and (2) Ru-doped catalysts (Ru-Co3O4) where the ruthenium ions were added to the precursor solution, by a one-step sol-gel method with cobalt nitrate. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by ICP, BET, XRD, HR-TEM, TPR, and XPS analysis. The effects of ruthenium were studied for the total oxidation of vinyl chloride. This Ru modifier was observed to enhance oxygenate formation. The different preparation methods made contributions to the different amounts of Ru4+ on the surfaces of the catalysts while Ru4+ would be in synergy with Co2+ concentration, and this also changed the chemical coordination of oxygen on the surface. Dispersion of Ru oxides on the cobalt oxides surface could not only improve the catalytic activity and stability on steam, but also decrease the amount of chlorinated by-products and increase HCl selectivity.

Preparation of g-C3N4 Nanosheets/CuO with Enhanced Catalytic Activity on the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate

The thermal oxidation etching assisted g-C3N4 nanosheets/CuO was prepared through a facile co-precipitation strategy. In this work, the structure, morphology, and composition of g-C3N4 (UCN, prepared by urea), g-C3N4 nanosheets (TCN, prepared by thermal oxidation etching of UCN), g-C3N4/CuO (UCN/CuO), g-C3N4 nanosheets/CuO (TCN/CuO) were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, the catalytic effect of the obtained samples on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) was examined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). As a result, in the case of 5 wt% TCN/CuO, the high decomposition temperature of AP decreased by 120.6 °C, which is much lower than that of UCN, TCN, CuO and UCN/CuO. In addition, the exothermic heat released from the decomposition of AP increased from 430.64 J g?1 to 2856.08 J g?1. This evident catalytic activity may be related to the synergistic effect of CuO and TCN. This work provides a novel strategy for the construction of composite catalyst for the thermal decomposition of AP, which is supposed to possess significant potential in the solid propellant field.

Biochemical Characterization, Phytotoxic Effect and Antimicrobial Activity against Some Phytopathogens of New Gemifloxacin Schiff Base Metal Complexes

String of Fe(III), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Zr(IV) complexes were synthesized with tetradentateamino Schiff base ligand derived by condensation of ethylene diamine with gemifloxacin. The novel Schiff base (4E,4′E)-4,4′-(ethane-1,2-diyldiazanylylidene)bis{7-[(4Z

Control of methane chlorination with molecular chlorine gas using zeolite catalysts: Effects of Si/Al ratio and framework type

CH4 chlorination with Cl2 gas is used for the production of chlorinated products via C–H bond activation in CH4. Due to the high reactivity of Cl2, this reaction can occur spontaneously under UV irradiation or with mild thermal energy even in the absence of a catalyst via a free radical-mediated chain reaction mechanism that undesirably causes excessive chlorination of the CH4 and is thus non-selective. In this work, CH4 chlorination is investigated using HY and MFI zeolites with various Si/Al ratios, by which the reaction is catalytically controlled for selective production of the mono-chlorinated product (CH3Cl). Depending on the framework type, Si/Al ratio of the zeolites, and reaction conditions, different degrees of CH4 conversion, CH3Cl selectivity, and hence CH3Cl yield were achieved, by which systematic relationships between the catalyst properties and performance were discovered. A high aluminum content facilitated the production of CH3Cl with up to ～20 % yield at a high gas hourly space velocity of 2400 cm3gcat?1 h?1 with a CH4/Cl2 ratio of 1 at 350 °C. HY zeolites generally furnished a slightly higher CH3Cl yield than MFI zeolites, which can be attributed to the larger micropores of the HY zeolites that support facile molecular diffusion. With various flow rates and ratios of CH4 and Cl2, the CH4 conversion and CH3Cl selectivity changed simultaneously, with a trade-off relationship. Unfortunately, all zeolite catalysts suffered from framework dealumination due to the HCl produced during the reaction, but it was less pronounced for the zeolites having a low aluminum content. The results shed light on the detailed roles of zeolites as solid-acid catalysts in enhancing CH3Cl production during electrophilic CH4 chlorination.