20651-69-8Relevant articles and documents
A Path to More Sustainable Catalysis: The Critical Role of LiBr in Avoiding Catalyst Death and its Impact on Cross-Coupling
Eckert, Philip,Organ, Michael G.
supporting information, p. 4861 - 4865 (2020/04/30)
The role that LiBr plays in the lifetime of Pd-NHC complexes has been investigated. A bromide ion is proposed to coordinate to Pd thereby preventing beta hydride elimination (BHE) (to form NHC-H+) of the reductive elimination (RE) intermediate that normally completes with the desired cross-coupling catalytic cycle. Coordinating groups, such as anilines, are able to bind suitably well to Pd to prevent this pathway from occurring, thus reducing the need for the added salt. The metal hydride formed from BHE is very unstable and RE of the hydride to the NHC ligand occurs very rapidly giving rise to the corresponding hydrido-NHC (i.e., NHC-H+). The use of the per deuterated dibutylzinc shows a significant deuterium isotope effect, shutting down catalyst death almost completely. The use of bis-neopentylzinc, now possessing no hydrides, eliminates catalyst death all together leading to a very long-lived catalytic cycle and confirming the untoward role of BHE.
INDOLE DERIVATIVES USEFUL AS GLUCAGON RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
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Paragraph 0294-0295, (2018/03/24)
The present invention is directed to indole derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use in the treatment and/or prevention of disorders and conditions ameliorated by antagonizing one or more glucagon receptors, including for example metabolic diseases such as Type II diabetes mellitus and obesity.
Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Cross-Coupling of Aryl Triflates and Nonaflates with Alkyl Iodides
Sumida, Yuto,Sumida, Tomoe,Hosoya, Takamitsu
, p. 3590 - 3601 (2017/08/16)
A nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling of aryl triflates and nonaflates with alkyl iodides using manganese(0) as a reductant is described. The method is applicable to the reductive alkylation of various aryl sulfonates, including o -borylaryl triflate, which enabled efficient construction of diverse alkylated arenes under mild conditions.