Cholesterol 57-88-5 extracted from wool fat, yolk and animal innards

Details:

Sources and absorption Source: (1) exogenous cholesterol coming from dietary. (2)From the body's own endogenous synthesis.
Absorption: cholesterol is absorbed in the intestines and mainly synthesized in the liver, skin and the small intestine mucosa. Dietary cholesterol is mainly absorbed in the form of chylomicrons into the bloodstream. Cholesterol absorption also depends on the amount; the percentage of absorption is reduced upon a high intake of cholesterol. The absorption percentage is lower than 10% upon high intake amount. After free cholesterol is absorbed, 2/3 of them quickly binds to fatty acid and esterified to form cholesterol esters, making the ability of lipoproteins on carrying cholesterol be enhanced. After cholesterol enters into cells, it will be hydrolyzed and degreased by acidic lipase inside the lysosomes. A fraction of cholesterol in the cells is converted into steroid with excess cholesterol being directly discharged to the gut; another fraction of cholesterol is oxidized in the liver into bile acid and excreted together with the bile.
The above information is edited by the Chemicalbook of Dai Xiongfeng.
Transport There are two major lipoprotein involved in cholesterol transport: the low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). The former can transport cholesterol from the liver to whole body tissue cells with the later one transporting cholesterol from tissue cells back into the liver.
Determination Serum cholesterol assays include measurement of total cholesterol (CT), free cholesterol (FC) and cholesterol ester (CE).
Food containing high levels of cholesterol Animal foods contain high content of cholesterol, such as meat, eggs, milk and so on, but there is no cholesterol in plant foods, such as vegetables, fruits, legumes which almost does not contain any cholesterol, so high cholesterol people should avoid eating animal food with selecting plant food being a better choice.
The cholesterol content of animal organs are particularly high, such as lung, kidney, liver, pig intestines, pig spleen, etc., they are high in cholesterol, so you should eat less.
The cholesterol level in animal brain is also very high, especially in porcine brain, followed by bovine brain, sheep brain, brain duck, and chicken brain, etc. So to prevent high cholesterol, eat less of this kind of food.
Food of low-cholesterol content: lean meat, rabbit meat, yellow croaker, hairtail, skinless chicken, carp, eel, ham square, white fish, jellyfish, milk, and sea cucumber.
Food containing high levels of cholesterol (parentheses lists the number of milligrams of cholesterol per 100 grams of food contains).
Animal brain has the highest cholesterol content: as porcine (3100 mg), bovine brain (2670 mg), sheep brain (2099 mg).
Followed by yellow eggs: duck eggs as yellow (2110 mg), egg yolk (1705 mg), quail’s egg yolk (1674 mg), yellow egg (1132 mg).
Harm of high cholesterol High cholesterol is clearly related to the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Modern molecular biology has showed that atherosclerotic lesions are initially begun with fatty streaks and atherosclerotic plaque disease, which is formed by macrophages which swallowed cholesterol and smooth muscle cells. On the other hand, high content of cholesterol, high blood pressure can cause harm to the integrity and function of vascular endothelium, resulting in a series of secondary damage. US National Cholesterol Education Program states: normal adult plasma cholesterol levels should be less than 5.2mmol/L; 5.2~6.2mmol/L is the high limit. For guys which exceed the upper limit should change their diet with further examination of high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein, and select related drugs for treatment. Clinical data have shown 8.5% drop in blood cholesterol and 12.6% decrease in LDL can reduce the mortality of coronary heart disease by 24% as well as reduce the incidence of myocardial infarction by 19%.
Prevention (1) Low-fat diet.
(2) Exercise. Saturated fatty acids cause the increase of serum cholesterol while unsaturated fatty acids reduce it. Mental workers have higher serum cholesterol levels than manual workers with exercise being able to reduce it.
Precautions Daily intake of cholesterol for normal adult should be less than 500 mg which is proper with patients suffering coronary heart disease should not exceed 300 mg.
Chemical Properties White or pale yellow crystals. M.p. 148.5 °C, b.p.360 °C (partial decomposition); the relative density d1919: 1.052. Specific rotation [α] 20D-31.5 °C (2%, diethyl ether); [α] 20D-39.5 °C (2%, chloroform). It is insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol (1: 100), ethanol (1:50), ether, acetone, dioxane and petroleum ether.
Uses 1. Used as the raw materials and biochemical research of brain phospholipids cholesterol flocculation test, vitamin D, and hormones.
2. Used for biochemical reagents and emulsifiers.
3. Used for the production of artificial bezoar, preparation of hormone drugs , also can be used as an emulsifier.
4. Used as emulsifiers; as the raw materials of synthesizing artificial bezoar, vitamin D, LCD, and hormone ; used for chemical and biological research.
5. It is an important raw material for manufacturing hormones, and can be used as an emulsifier; also used as reference analysis sample.
Production methods 1. Extracted from pig brain (or spinal cord) or sheep brain.
2. Use the brain tissue of livestock as the raw materials.
Preparation of dry powder: take fresh animal brain and spinal cord (remove the fat and spinal cord membranes), mince, dry at 40-50 °C to obtain the brain dry powder.
Brain (pig, cattle, sheep) [40-50 °C] → brain dry powder
Preparation of crude cholesterol crystals: brain powder is impregnated in 1.2 times the amount of acetone with constant stirring for extraction of 4.5h, and extract for continuously 6 times, filtrate, combine the extract, distill to recycle the acetone and obtain a yellow solid substance. Add 10 times the amount of ethanol, heat and reflux for 1h to obtain the cholesterol ethanol solution, filter and the filtrate is further cooled at 0-5 °C, stand static, separate out the crystals, filter gain to obtain the crude crystals of cholesterol.
Brain dry powder [acetone] → yellow solid [ethanol] → cholesterol ethanol solution [0-5 °C] → crude cholesterol crystals.
Making refined cholesterol: Take the crude cholesterol crystals and add 5 fold the amount of ethanol, add 5%-6% sulfuric acid, heat and reflux for 8h to obtained the hydrolysis liquid, further cool it at 0-5 °C, separate out the crystals, filter to obtain the crystals, add ethanol and wash to being neutral. The crystals washed into neutral were further added into 10 times the amount of 95% ethanol together with 3% activated carbon, heated for reflux and decolorization for 1h, insulate and filter, the filtrate was subject to cooling crystallization at 0-5 °C, repeated three times, filter, collect the crystals, compress for drying, evaporate the ethanol, and vacuum dry at 70-80 °C and obtain the refined cholesterol.
The crude cholesterol crystals [ethanol, H2SO4] → [8h] hydrolysis liquid [0-5 °C] → crystal [ethanol, activated carbon] → [1h] refined cholesterol.
3. Bovine spinal cord is used as raw materials, extract it using petroleum ether and then repeatedly refine to obtain the product.
Chemical Properties White to faintly yellow cryst. powder
Uses analeptic, antibacterial
Uses Cholesterol is a major component of all biological membranes; ~25% of total brain lipid is Cholesterol. Cholesterol is the principal sterol of the higher animals. Cholesterol was found in all body tis sues, especial in the brain, spinal cord, and in animal fats or oils. Cholesterol is the main constituent of gallstones.
Uses Cholesterol be used as pharmaceutical intermediates and be used as synthetic materials of liquid crystal polymers.