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Hormonal contraception

A chemical derivative of estradiol, ethinyl estradiol with maximum dosage 200 µg, is a major component of hormonal contraceptive devices. Combined forms of hormonal contraception contain ethinyl estradiol and a progestin, which both contribute to the inhibition of GnRH, LH, and FSH, which accounts for the ability of these birth control methods to prevent ovulation and thus prevent pregnancy. Other types of hormonal birth control contain only progestins and no ethinyl estradiol.

Hormone replacement therapy

If severe side effects of low levels of estradiol in a woman's blood are experienced (commonly at the beginning of menopause or after oophorectomy), hormone replacement therapy may be prescribed. Such therapy is usually combined with a progestin to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer.

Estrogen therapy may be used in treatment of infertility in women when there is a need to develop sperm-friendly cervical mucus or an appropriate uterine lining. This is often prescribed in combination with clomifene.

Estrogen therapy can also be used to treat advanced prostate cancer, as well as to relieve symptoms of breast cancer.

Not all products are available worldwide. Estradiol is also part of conjugated estrogen preparations, such as Premarin, though it is not the major ingredient. (Premarin consists of a large number of estrogen derivatives. As the name indicates, it comes from pregnant mares' urine.)

Hormone replacement therapy in transgender women

Estrogen therapy is also used as part of the hormone replacement therapy for trans women. Either oral or transdermal estradiol is used in higher concentrations during initial treatment and transition; estradiol is continued in lower doses to maintain female-level hormones following gender reassignment surgery.