High quality Minoxidil powder 99% with best price

an antihypertensive vasodilator medication

Minoxidil is an antihypertensive vasodilator medication also claiming to slow or stop hair loss and promote hair regrowth. It is available over the counter for treatment of androgenic alopecia, among other baldness treatments, but measurable changes, if experienced, disappear within months after discontinuation of treatment.Minoxidil was first sold as a drug for high blood pressure and was noted to have the interesting side-effect of increased body hair-growth, or in some cases, significant hair loss. Treatments for baldness and hair loss usually include a 5% concentration solution that is designed for men, whereas the 2% concentration solutions are designed for women.

Indications and Usage

Minoxidil is a type of oral drug that is clinically used to lower blood pressure, and it is also called Loniten and piperidine diamine. Minoxidil is an antihypertensive drug that is clinically used to treat intractable, primary or renal hypertension. It can also be used to treat severe hypertension that does not respond well to other antihypertensive drugs, but it needs to be used in combination with diuretic drugs to prevent water and sodium retention, and combined use with beta receptor blockers may increase its curative effects and reduce adverse effects. Minoxidil is also used to prevent grease-type alopecia and on livestock.

Mechanisms of Action

Minoxidil is a type of potassium channel opener and can directly relax smooth vascular muscles and has a strong small artery dilating effect. It can reduce peripheral resistance, dilate blood vessels, and lower blood pressure while having no effect on blood volume, thus promoting venous return. In addition, due to reflective regulation and positive frequency effects, it can increase cardiac output and heart rate, but will not cause orthostatic hypotension.

Adverse reactions

Long term use of Minoxidil may have the side effect of increased body hair, such as arm hair. Adverse reactions to oral intake mainly include: weight gain and lower body swelling due to water and sodium retention, heart palpitations and arrhythmia due to reflexive sympathetic nervous excitement, and hirsuitism. Adverse reactions to external use mainly include: skin irritation, red spots in applied areas, itching, and other skin inflammation reactions. Although only a small amount is absorbed, but there is also a slight possibility of causing a recurrence in patients with a history or heart disease. Use with caution if suffering from cerebrovascular disease, non-hypertensive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, pericardial effusion, renal dysfunction and other diseases.

Contradictions

Do not use if allergic to Minoxidil or suffering from pheochromocytoma.

Manufacturing Process

Barbituric acid is reacted with phosphorus oxychloride then with 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine and that product with ammonia to give 4-chloro-2,6-diaminopyritnidine.A 30 g (0.15 mol) quantity of 4-chloro-2,6-diaminopyrimidine is dissolved in600 ml of hot 3A alcohol, the solution cooled to 0°C to 10°C and 41.8 g (0.24mol) of m-chloroperbenzoic acid is added. The mixture is held at 0°C to 10°Cfor 4 hours and filtered. The solid is shaken for 2 hours in 0.24 mol of 10%sodium hydroxide and filtered. The solid is washed with water and dried toyield 193 g of crude product. This product is extracted for 1 hour with 900 mlof boiling acetonitrile to yield 14.8 g (44.7% yield) of 6-amino-4-chloro-1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-iminopyrimidine, melting point 193°C.A mixture of 3.0 g (0.019 mol) of 6-amino-4-chloro-1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-iminopyrimidine and 35 ml of piperidine is refluxed for 1.5 hours, cooled andfiltered. The solid is shaken for 20 minutes in a solution of 0.8 g of sodiumhydroxide in 30 ml of water and filtered. The solid is washed with water andextracted with 800 ml of boiling acetonitrile and filtered to yield 3.5 g (89%)yield of 6-amino-4-chloro-1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-iminopyrimidine, meltingpoint 248°C, decomposition at 259°C to 261°C.

Therapeutic Function

Antihypertensive

Biological Activity

Antihypertensive. Antialopecia agent. K + channel (K ATP ) activator.

Biochem/physiol Actions

Activates ATP-activated K+ channels; vasodilator; slow or stop hair loss and promote hair regrowth.

Mechanism of action

Potassium channel openers are drugs that activate (i.e., open) ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the VSM. By opening these potassium channels, there is increased efflux of potassium ions from the cells, causing hyperpolarization of VSM, which closes the voltage-gated calcium channels and, thereby, decreases intracellular calcium. With less calcium available to combine with calmodulin, there is less activation of MLCK and phosphorylation of myosin light chains. This leads to relaxation and vasodilation. Because small arteries and arterioles normally have a high degree of smooth muscle tone, these drugs are particularly effective in dilating these resistance vessels, decreasing systemic vascular resistance, and lowering arterial pressure. The fall in arterial pressure leads to reflex cardiac stimulation (baroreceptor-mediated tachycardia). Minoxidil, as its active metabolite minoxidil O-sulfate, prolongs the opening of the potassium channel, sustaining greater vasodilation on arterioles than on veins. The drug decreases blood pressure in both the supine and standing positions, and there is no orthostatic hypotension. Associated with the decrease in peripheral resistance and blood pressure is a reflex response that is accompanied by increased heart rate, cardiac output, and stroke volume, which can be attenuated by the coadministration of a β-blocker. Along with this decrease in peripheral resistance is increased plasma renin activity and sodium and water retention, which can result in expansion of fluid volume, edema, and congestive heart failure. The sodium- and water-retaining effects of minoxidil can be reversed by coadministration of a diuretic. When minoxidil is used in conjunction with a β-adrenergic blocker, pulmonary artery pressure remains essentially unchanged.

Pharmacokinetics

Minoxidil is absorbed from the GI tract and is metabolized to its active sulfate metabolite. Plasma concentrations for minoxidil sulfate peak within 1 hour and then decline rapidly. Following an oral dose of minoxidil, its hypotensive effect begins in 30 minutes, is maximal in 2 to 8 hours, and persists for approximately 2 to 5 days. The delayed onset of the hypotensive effect for minoxidil is attributed to its metabolism to its active metabolite. The drug is not bound to plasma proteins. The major metabolite for minoxidil is its N-O-glucuronide, which unlike the sulfate metabolite is inactive as a hypotensive agent. Approximately 10 to 20% of an oral dose of minoxidil is metabolized to its active metabolite, minoxidil O-sulfate, and approximately 20% of minoxidil is excreted unchanged.

Side effects

Adverse reactions include local irritation and contact dermatitis. If the treatment is discontinued, clinical regression occurs within 3 months to the state of hair thinning that would have occurred had the treatment not been started. Twice-daily treatment is more efficacious than once-daily application. Women who use the5%concentrationmay note the development of facial hair, which is reversible on discontinuation of the medication. The 5% concentration can be more irritating than the 2% solution.

Synthesis

Minoxidil, 6-amino-1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2-imino-4-piperidinopyrimidine (22.8.5), is synthesized from barbituric acid, the reaction of which with phosphorous oxychloride gives 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine (22.8.1). Upon reaction with ammonium, this turns into 2,4-diamino-6-chloropyrimidine (22.8.2). Next, the resulting 2,4-diamino-6- chloropyrimidine (22.8.2) undergoes reaction with 2,4-dichlorophenol in the presence of potassium hydroxide, giving 2,4-diamino-6-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-pyrimidine (22.8.3). Oxidation of this product with 3-chloroperbenzoic acid gives 2,4-diamino-6-(2,4- dichlorophenoxy)pyrimidine-3-oxide (22.8.4), the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyl group of which is replaced with a piperidine group at high temperature, giving minoxidil (22.8.5).

Drug interactions

When minoxidil is administered with diuretics or other hypotensive drugs, the hypotensive effect of minoxidil increases, and concurrent use may cause profound orthostatic hypotensive effects.

Metabolism

Extensively metabolised by the liver. It requires sulphation to become active, but the major metabolite is a glucuronide conjugate. Excreted mainly in the urine in the form of metabolites. Minoxidil and its metabolites are dialysable, although the pharmacological effect is not reversed.

Chemical Structure and Formulation

Minoxidil is a piperidino-pyrimidine derivative with the chemical structure: 2,6-diamino-4-piperidinopyrimidine-1-oxide. It is formulated as a solution containing inactive ingredients such as water, ethanol, and propylene glycol to enhance solubility.

Mechanism of Action

Acts as a potent arteriolar vasodilator by opening potassium channels on smooth muscles of peripheral arteries, leading to hyperpolarization of the cell membrane.
Widens blood vessels and opens potassium channels, allowing more oxygen, blood, and nutrients to reach the hair follicles.

History and Development

Developed by the Upjohn Company in the late 1950s initially for treating ulcers but later found to be a powerful vasodilator. FDA approved minoxidil in 1979 to treat high blood pressure in oral tablet form under the brand name "Loniten". In 1988, FDA approved 2% topical minoxidil (known as Rogaine) for male pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia) treatment, and in 1992, its use was approved for female pattern hair loss.
Minoxidil is the only topical drug approved for both male and female pattern hair loss treatment in the US. Approved over-the-counter (OTC) at a maximum concentration of 5%.

Definition

ChEBI: A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.

Brand name

Loniten (Pharmacia & Upjohn); Rogaine (Pharmacia & Upjohn); Minodyl (Quantum Pharmics).

General Description

Minoxidil, 2,4-diamino-6-piperidinopyrimidine-3-oxide . It is converted to minoxidil sulfate in the liver bya sulfotransferase enzyme.The antihypertensive properties of minoxidil are similarto those of hydralazine hydrochloride, in that minoxidil candecrease arteriolar vascular resistance. Minoxidil exerts itsvasodilatory action by a direct effect on arteriolar smoothmuscle and appears to have no effect on the CNS or on theadrenergic nervous system in animals. The serum half-lifeis 4.5 hours, and the antihypertensive effect may last up to24 hours.