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Choline chloride Basic information B vitamins Content Analysis Toxicity Limited use Chemical Properties Uses Production method Product Name: Choline chloride Synonyms: Choline Chloride pure;Choline chloride >=97.0% (AT);Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1);HOEtN1,1,1Cl;Cholinii chloridum;Choline chloride, 99% 1KG;Choline chloride, 99% 500GR;Choline chloride, 99% 50GR CAS: 67-48-1 MF: C5H14ClNO MW: 139.62 EINECS: 200-655-4 Product Categories: LIPOTRIL;substrate;Antioxidants;Intermediates & Fine Chemicals;Aliphatics;Amines;Quarternary ammonium salts;Ammonium Chlorides (Quaternary);Biochemistry;Quaternary Ammonium Compounds;Vitamin Related Compounds;Vitamins;Pharmaceuticals;medical;VX:15689727968 Mol File: 67-48-1.mol   Choline chloride Chemical Properties Melting point  302-305 °C (dec.) (lit.) density  1.0238 (rough estimate) FEMA  4500 | Choline chloride (Also Includes Choline) refractive index  1.5400 (estimate) storage temp.  Sealed in dry,Room Temperature solubility  H2O: 1 M, clear, colorless form  Adhering Crystals color  White PH 5.0-7.5 (25℃, 1M in H2O) Water Solubility  soluble λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.015 λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.010 Sensitive  Hygroscopic Merck  14,2206 JECFA Number 2003 BRN  3563126 Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, moisture. Store under a dry atmosphere. InChIKey SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M CAS DataBase Reference 67-48-1(CAS DataBase Reference) NIST Chemistry Reference Choline chloride(67-48-1) EPA Substance Registry System Choline chloride (67-48-1)   Safety Information Hazard Codes  Xi Risk Statements  36/37/38 Safety Statements  26-36 WGK Germany  1 RTECS  KH2975000 F  3-9 TSCA  Yes HS Code  29212900 Hazardous Substances Data 67-48-1(Hazardous Substances Data) Toxicity LD50 in rats (g/kg): 0.400 i.p.; 6.64 orally (Hartung, Cornish) MSDS Information Provider Language 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride English SigmaAldrich English ACROS English ALFA English   Choline chloride Usage And Synthesis B vitamins Choline is an indispensible fundamental component in humans and animal body, often referred to as B vitamins or vitamin B4, and is a necessary low-molecule organic compound for maintaining physiological function off animal body. It can be synthesized inside animal body but still often need to be supplied to dietary and is a kind of vitamin in maximal usage amount. Inside animal cells, it can be used to adjust the in vivo metabolism and conversion of fats, preventing the fat deposition and tissue degeneration of liver and kidney, and then promote the regeneration of amino acids, enhance utilization of amino acids as well as save some part of methionine. Choline chloride is the most commonly used as well as most economical form of synthetic choline and is a water soluble vitamin, and is the component for constituting of acetylcholine, lecithin, and nerve phospholipids of biological tissue. Moreover, it can save methionine and is an important material required for livestock, poultry, and fish. Inside animal body, it can be used for adjusting in vivo metabolism and conversion of fats and can prevent the deposition in liver and related tissue degeneration. As a methyl donor, it can promote the re-formation of amino acids and improve the utilization of amino acids. It is mainly used as an additive for being mixing into the animal feed. During the exact usage process, in addition to prevent moisture deliquescence, you should also note that all kind of feeds usually take the addition of choline chloride as the last step. Because of its destruction effects on other vitamins, especially its rapid destruction on vitamin A, D, K in the presence of metal elements, multi-dimensional formulation should not include choline. Daily feed supplied with it should be used as soon as possible after the addition. Tests have showed that choline chloride is especially important for chicken poultry. Its synthetic amino acids and lecithin can be delivered to various locations inside chicken bodies, being able to prevent the fat deposition in the liver and kidney and accelerate the growth of chickens and increase egg production and hatchability. The above information is edited by the Chemicalbook of Dai Xiongfeng. Content Analysis Accurately weigh sample of about 300 mg and put it into 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask; add 50 ml of glacial acetic acid and heated on a steam bath until complete dissolving. After cooling, add 10 ml of mercury acetic acid mercury test solution (TS-137) and 2 drops of gentian violet reagent; use the acetic acid solution of 0.1 mol/L perchloric acid for titration to green endpoint. At the same time carry out a blank test and make necessary calibration. Each Ml of 0.1mol/L perchloric acid is equivalent to 13.96 mg of choline chloride (C5 H14ClNO). Toxicity ADI does not make restrictive regulations (FAO/WHO, 2001). GRAS (FDA, §182.5252, §182.8252, 2000); LD50: 9000mg/kg (rat, oral). Limited use GMP limit (FDA§182.5252.2000); Chemical Properties It is white hygroscopic crystal and is odorless with fish stench. Its melting point of 240 ℃. Its 10% aqueous solution has a pH 5-6. However, it is unstable in alkaline solution. This product is easily soluble in water and ethanol but insoluble in ether, petroleum ether, benzene and carbon disulfide. It has a low toxicity with LD50 (rat, oral) being 3400 mg/kg. Uses Choline chloride is an animal feed additive, classified as a water-soluble B-vitamin that increases animal growth. ChCl is added exogenously to feed stocks because it plays an essential role in fat transport, metabolism, and protects cell membrane structure. It can be supplied to tissue culture media, animal feed additive and used in clinical anti-fatty liver agent. It can be used for treating fatty liver and cirrhosis. It can also be used as the feed additive which is capable of stimulating ovaries for giving birth to more eggs and farrowing. It can also facilitate the weight gaining process of livestock, fish, etc. Choline chloride is effective in the prevention and treatment of the fat deposition and tissue degeneration in the organs of livestock and poultry. It can also promote the absorption and synthesis of amino acids. Moreover, it can enhance physical fitness and disease resistance of livestock, promote their growth and development, and improve poultry laying rate. The usage amount is 1-2 g/kg. As a kind of feed additive, choline chloride has the following physiological effects: it can prevent the accumulation of the fat in liver and the kidney and tissue degeneration; it can promote recombination of amino acids; it can improve the utilization efficiency of amino acids, especially the essential amino acid methionine in vivo. In Japan, 98% of the applied choline chloride is used as the feed additives of chickens, pigs, cattle and fish and other animal. Most of them have been processed into powder; the preparation process of 50% powder is that: first add an appropriate excipient of certain particle size into the mixer is prepared by previously adding an appropriate particle size of the excipient, and then add drop wise of aqueous solution of choline chloride, after mixing, drying to derive it. Some powder products are also blended with vitamins, minerals, and drugs. Choline chloride is the vitamin B-class drug which can be used for the treatment of hepatitis, liver function degradation, early cirrhosis, and pernicious anemia. Production method (1) Continuous method for preparation of choline chloride solution: continuously send the trimethylamine hydrochloride and a certain amount of ethylene oxide separately through pump into the reactor; the reactants had a residence time at the reactor of 1-1.5h; the reaction was carried out under stirring and has its resulting product being continuously withdrawn so that the liquid level within the reactor remained stable. The withdrawn choline chloride extraction crude product entered into the stripper to obtain 60-80% choline chloride liquid product from the bottom. (2) Trimethylamine hydrochloride was reacted with ethylene oxide, and then added with an organic acid for neutralization and further concentration to obtain the choline chloride (3) Chloro-ethanol was reacted with trimethylamine to generate choline chloride. (3)Ethylene oxide method. It can be made from the reaction between ethylene oxide and trimethylamine. Add the trimethylamine ethanol solution into the reactor, send through ethylene oxide at about 30 ℃ and stirring reaction of 4 hour and further obtain it through neutralization with hydrochloric acid (control PH at 6.5-7.0). The yield of the crude product can be as high as 98%. The crude product can further be subject to activated carbon decolorizing and vacuum concentration to obtain 70% aqueous solution. The aqueous solution was added with ground corn cobs, rice hull flour, wheat bran or diatomaceous earth and some other kinds of excipients and can give 50% of the powder. (4) Chlorohydrin method. Use chlorohydrin to substitute ethylene oxide and hydrochloric acid; have it reacted with trimethylamine in the presence of a small amount of ethylene oxide or alkaline substance; First add 100 parts of chlorohydrin into the reaction vessel, further add 130 parts of trimethylamine from the liquid surface, while supplying 1.7 parts of ethylene oxide to trigger the reaction. After the addition, stir at 32-38 ℃ for 4h with the yield being 84% (calculated from chlorohydrin). For example, if catalyzed with an alkaline substance (such as quaternary ammonium salts), the one-way conversion rate can reach over 97%. Trimethylamine methanol solution and chlorohydrin is subject to heating reaction, concentration under reduced pressure, and re-crystallization to generate it. Chemical Properties White crystalline powder Uses choleretic, lipotropic, hepatoprotectant Uses Choline chloride helps in providing nourishment for pig feed and poultry feed. It acts as a food flavor enhancer. It is used as a precursor of acetylcholine and is a methyl donor in various metabolic processes and in lipid metabolism. Uses Choline chloride has been used: as a component of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) buffer and for choline uptake in cultured human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells for choline standard curve generation for quantifying phospholipase D (PLD) activity as a component of slice solution for the dissection of entorhinal-hippocampal brain slices Definition ChEBI: Choline chloride is a quaternary ammonium salt with choline cation and chloride anion. It has a role as an animal growth promotant. It is a chloride salt and a quaternary ammonium salt. It contains a choline. General Description Choline chloride carbamate is nonspecific inits action on muscarinic receptor subtypes. The pharmacologicalactivity of carbachol is similar to that of ACh. It isan ester of choline and thus possesses both muscarinic andnicotinic properties by cholinergic receptor stimulation. Itcan also act indirectly by promoting release of ACh and byits weak anticholinesterase activity. General Description White crystals. Practically neutral aqueous solution. Air & Water Reactions Deliquescent. Very soluble in water. Reactivity Profile An acidic organic salt. Materials in this group are generally soluble in water. The resulting solutions contain moderate concentrations of hydrogen ions and have pH's of less than 7.0. They react as acids to neutralize bases. These neutralizations generate heat, but less or far less than is generated by neutralization of inorganic acids, inorganic oxoacids, and carboxylic acid. They usually do not react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents but such behavior is not impossible. Many of these compounds catalyze organic reactions. Fire Hazard Choline chloride is relatively nonflammable. Biochem/physiol Actions The enzymatic activities of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1), two serum enzymes synthesized by the liver and related with inflammation, were decreased in a sepsis animal model injected with LPS. Choline chloride administered intravenously at 20 mg/kg body weight prevents the LPS-mediated decreases in the activities of these two enzymes . Safety Profile Poison by intraperitoneal and intravenous routes. Moderately toxic experimentally by ingestion and subcutaneous routes. Mutation data reported. A lipotropic agent which induces the reduction in fats contained in the liver. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl-, SOx and NOx. See also CHOLINE. Purification Methods Extremely deliquescent. Check purity by AgNO3 titration or by titration of OH-base after passage through an anion-exchange column. Crystallise it from absolute EtOH, or EtOH/Et2O, dry it under vacuum and store it in a vacuum desiccator over P2O5 or Mg(ClO4)2. [Beilstein 4 IV 1443.]   Choline chloride Preparation Products And Raw materials Raw materials Sodium hydroxide-->Hydrochloric acid-->ETHYLENE OXIDE-->Celite-->2-Chloroethanol-->Trimethylamine-->Activated carbon,decolor-->Choline hydroxide-->ACETALDEHYDE AMMONIA Preparation Products Carbachol-->Feed additives-->Acetylcholine chloride-->Choline salicylate-->(2-Bromoethyl)trimethylammonium bromide-->DIGLYCIDYL ETHER-->1,2-DILINOLEOYL-SN-GLYCERO-3-PHOSPHOCHOLINE-->Calcium phosphorylcholine chloride

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Leader Biochemical Group is a large leader incorporated industry manufacturers and suppliers of advanced refined raw materials From the year of 1996 when our factory was put into production to year of 2020, our group has successively invested in more than 52 factories with shares and subordinates.We focus on manufacture Pharm & chemicals, functional active ingredients, nutritional Ingredients, health care products, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and refined feed, oil, natural plant ingredients industries to provide top quality of GMP standards products.All the invested factories' product lines cover API and intermediates, vitamins, amino acids, plant extracts, daily chemical products, cosmetics raw materials, nutrition and health care products, food additives, feed additives, essential oil products, fine chemical products and agricultural chemical raw materials And flavors and fragrances. Especially in the field of vitamins, amino acids, pharmaceutical raw materials and cosmetic raw materials, we have more than 20 years of production and sales experience. All products meet the requirements of high international export standards and have been recognized by customers all over the world. Our manufacture basement & R&D center located in National Aerospace Economic & Technical Development Zone Xi`an Shaanxi China. Now not only relying on self-cultivation and development as well as maintains good cooperative relations with many famous research institutes and universities in China. Now, we have closely cooperation with Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing Institute of Material Medical of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Zhejiang University. Closely cooperation with them not only integrating Science and technology resources, but also increasing the R&D speed and improving our R&D power. Offering Powerful Tech supporting Platform for group development. Keep serve the manufacture and the market as the R&D central task, focus on the technical research.  Now there are 3 technology R & D platforms including biological extract, microorganism fermentation and chemical synthesis, and can independently research and develop kinds of difficult APIs and pharmaceutical intermediates. With the strong support of China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry (hereinafter short for CSIPI), earlier known as Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry (SIPI), we have unique advantages in the R & D and industrialization of high-grade, precision and advanced products.  Now our Group technical force is abundant, existing staff more that 1000 people, senior professional and technical staff accounted for more than 50% of the total number of employees, including 15 PhD research and development personnel, 5 master′ S degree in technical and management personnel 9 people. We have advanced equipment like fermentation equipment and technology also extraction, isolation, purification, synthesis with rich production experience and strict quality control system, According to the GMP required, quickly transforming the R&D results to industrial production in time, it is our advantages and our products are exported to North and South America, Europe, Middle East, Africa, and other five continents and scale the forefront in the nation, won good international reputation.  We believe only good quality can bring good cooperation, quality is our key spirit during our production, we are warmly welcome clients and partner from all over the world contact us for everlasting cooperation, Leader will be your strong, sincere and reliable partner in China.

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