Gambogenic acid

Details:

Chemical Properties of Gambogenic acid

Cas No.	173932-75-7
PubChem ID	102004807	Appearance	Powder
Formula	C38H46O8	M.Wt	630.8
Type of Compound	Miscellaneous	Storage	Desiccate at -20°C
Solubility	DMSO : 250 mg/mL (396.34 mM; Need ultrasonic)
SMILES	CC(=CCCC(=CCC1=C(C2=C(C(=C1O)CC=C(C)C)OC34C5CC(C=C3C2=O)C(=O)C4(OC5(C)C)CC=C(C)C(=O)O)O)C)C
Standard InChIKey	RCWNBHCZYXWDOV-KGGZARHBSA-N
Standard InChI	InChI=1S/C38H46O8/c1-20(2)10-9-11-22(5)13-15-25-30(39)26(14-12-21(3)4)33-29(31(25)40)32(41)27-18-24-19-28-36(7,8)46-37(34(24)42,38(27,28)45-33)17-16-23(6)35(43)44/h10,12-13,16,18,24,28,39-40H,9,11,14-15,17,19H2,1-8H3,(H,43,44)/b22-13+,23-16-/t24-,28?,37?,38-/m1/s1
General tips	For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months. We recommend that you prepare and use the solution on the same day. However, if the test schedule requires, the stock solutions can be prepared in advance, and the stock solution must be sealed and stored below -20℃. In general, the stock solution can be kept for several months. Before use, we recommend that you leave the vial at room temperature for at least an hour before opening it.
About Packaging	1. The packaging of the product may be reversed during transportation, cause the high purity compounds to adhere to the neck or cap of the vial.Take the vail out of its packaging and shake gently until the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial. 2. For liquid products, please centrifuge at 500xg to gather the liquid to the bottom of the vial. 3. Try to avoid loss or contamination during the experiment.
Shipping Condition	Packaging according to customer requirements(5mg, 10mg, 20mg and more). Ship via FedEx, DHL, UPS, EMS or other couriers with RT, or blue ice upon request.

Source of Gambogenic acid

The herbs of Garcinia hanburyi Hook. f.

Biological Activity of Gambogenic acid

Description	Gambogenic acid is an inhibitor of the FGFR signaling pathway in erlotinib-resistant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and exhibits anti-tumor effects, it can cause aberrant autophagy to induce cell death and may suggest the potential application of Gambogenic acid as a tool or viable drug in anticancer therapies.Gambogenic acid could inhibit the proliferation of melanoma B16 cells and induce their apoptosis within certain time and concentration ranges. Its mechanism in inducing the cell apoptosis may be related to PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways.
Targets	Caspase | ROS | PI3K | Akt | mTOR | MMP(e.g.TIMP) | Bcl-2/Bax | FGFR | Autophagy
In vitro	Apoptosis of melanoma B16 cells induced by gambogenic acid.[Pubmed: 25174115] Zhong Yao Cai. 2014 Mar;37(3):469-73. To study the inhibitory effect of Gambogenic acid (GNA) on melanoma B16 cells proliferation, and to explore the role of cell apoptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: The inhibitory effect of Gambogenic acid on the proliferation of B16 cells was measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay; Alternation of B16 cells ultrastructure was detected by AO/EB staining under fluorescent microscope; Flow cytometry was used to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in B16 cells generated by Gambogenic acid treatment Western blotting was used to investigate the expression of intracellular Caspase-3 proteins changes. MTT results showed that the Gambogenic acid within a certain time and a certain concentration significantly suppressed the proliferation of B16 cells and morphological changes were observed by fluorescence microscope on B16 cells after Gambogenic acid treatment. AO/EB staining showed that the major cell density decreased. Gambogenic acid treated cells showed obvious apoptotic status. After the cells treated with Gambogenic acid, in a short period of time, intracellular ROS levels increased dramatically compared with the control group (P < 0.01), and the mitochondrial membrane had a low potential consistently. Western blotting results showed that changes of intracellular proteins expression in the release of Caspase-3 proteins expression levels were increased after Gambogenic acid treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Gambogenic acid can inhibit malignant melanoma B16 cells growth and proliferation and induce apoptosis within a certain time and at a certain concentration.
In vivo	Gambogenic acid induction of apoptosis in a breast cancer cell line.[Pubmed: 24460340] Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(12):7601-5. Gambogenic acid is a major active compound of gamboge which exudes from the Garcinia hanburyi tree. Gambogenic acid anti-cancer activity in vitro has been reported in several studies, including an A549 nude mouse model. However, the mechanisms of action remain unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used nude mouse models to detect the effect of Gambogenic acid on breast tumors, analyzing expression of apoptosis-related proteins in vivo by Western blotting. Effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis and apoptosis-related proteins in MDA-MB-231 cells were detected by MTT, flow cytometry and Western blotting. Inhibitors of caspase-3,-8,-9 were also used to detect effects on caspase family members. We found that Gambogenic acid suppressed breast tumor growth in vivo, in association with increased expression of Fas and cleaved caspase-3,-8,-9 and bax, as well as decrease in the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2. Gambogenic acid inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations suggested that Gambogenic acid suppressed breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell growth by mediating apoptosis through death receptor and mitochondrial pathways in vivo and in vitro.

Protocol of Gambogenic acid

Kinase Assay

Gambogenic acid kills lung cancer cells through aberrant autophagy.[Pubmed: 24427275] Study of gambogenic acid-induced apoptosis of melanoma B16 cells through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways.[Pubmed: 25095381] Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2014 May;39(9):1666-9. To discuss the mechanism of Gambogenic acid (GNA) in inducing the apoptosis of melanoma B16 cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: The inhibitory effect of Gambogenic acid on the proliferation of B16 cells was measured by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The effect of Gambogenic acid on B16 cells was detected by the Hoechst 33258 staining. The transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultra-structure changes of B16 cells. The changes in PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, p-mTOR, PTEN proteins were detected by the Western blotting to discuss the molecular mechanism of Gambogenic acid in inducing the apoptosis of B16 cells. Gambogenic acid showed a significant inhibitory effect in the growth and proliferation of melanoma B16 cells. The cell viability remarkably decreased with the increase of Gambogenic acid concentration and the extension of the action time. The results of the Hoechst 33258 staining showed that cells processed with Gambogenic acid demonstrated apparent apoptotic characteristics. Under the transmission electron microscope, B16 cells, after being treated with Gambogenic acid, showed obvious morphological changes of apoptosis. The Western blot showed a time-dependent reduction in the p-PI3K and p-Akt protein expressions, with no change in p-PI3K and p-Akt protein expression quantities. The p-mTOR protein expression decreased with the extension of time, where as the PTEN protein expression showed a time-dependent increase. CONCLUSIONS: Gambogenic acid could inhibit the proliferation of melanoma B16 cells and induce their apoptosis within certain time and concentration ranges. Its mechanism in inducing the cell apoptosis may be related to PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. PLoS One. 2014 Jan 10;9(1):e83604. Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer and causes 1.38 million deaths annually, as of 2008 worldwide. Identifying natural anti-lung cancer agents has become very important. Gambogenic acid (GNA) is one of the active compounds of Gamboge, a traditional medicine that was used as a drastic purgative, emetic, or vermifuge for treating tapeworm. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that Gambogenic acid exerts promising anti-tumor effects; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the present paper, we found that Gambogenic acid could induce the formation of vacuoles, which was linked with autophagy in A549 and HeLa cells. Further studies revealed that Gambogenic acid triggers the initiation of autophagy based on the results of MDC staining, AO staining, accumulation of LC3 II, activation of Beclin 1 and phosphorylation of P70S6K. However, degradation of p62 was disrupted and free GFP could not be released in Gambogenic acid treated cells, which indicated a block in the autophagy flux. Further studies demonstrated that Gambogenic acid blocks the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes by inhibiting acidification in lysosomes. This dysfunctional autophagy plays a pro-death role in Gambogenic acid-treated cells by activating p53, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 while decreasing Bcl-2. Beclin 1 knockdown greatly decreased Gambogenic acid-induced cell death and the effects on p53, Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2. Similar results were obtained using a xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show, for the first time, that Gambogenic acid can cause aberrant autophagy to induce cell death and may suggest the potential application of Gambogenic acid as a tool or viable drug in anticancer therapies.

Cell Research

Gambogenic acid induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma cell line.[Pubmed: 25090714] Zhong Yao Cai. 2014 Jan;37(1):95-9. To study the effects of Gambogenic acid (GNA) on the growth of human gastric carcinoma cell line MGC-803 and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS: MTT assay was used to measure the cell viability. Apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected using flow cytometry method. Among them, Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining was employed in the analysis of apoptosis, Rh123 in analyzing MMP and H2DCFDA in analyzing ROS formation. P53 expression was confirmed by Western blot. 4.0 micromol/L Gambogenic acid inhibited MGC-803 cells growth in a time dependent manner from 24 to 48 h. At the concentration range from 1.0 to 12.0 micromol/L, the inhibitory effect was in a concentration dependent manner. After treatment with 4.0 micromol/L Gambogenic acid for 48 h, apoptosis was obviously observed as assayed by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Importantly, MMP was decreased and ROS formation was increased following Gambogenic acid treatment. Additionally, P53 expression was up-regulated following 4.0 micromol/ L Gambogenic acid treatment in a time dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: Gambogenic acid induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and increases P53 expression in human gastric carcinoma cell line.

Preparing Stock Solutions of Gambogenic acid

	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	20 mg	25 mg
1 mM	1.5853 mL	7.9264 mL	15.8529 mL	31.7058 mL	39.6322 mL
5 mM	0.3171 mL	1.5853 mL	3.1706 mL	6.3412 mL	7.9264 mL
10 mM	0.1585 mL	0.7926 mL	1.5853 mL	3.1706 mL	3.9632 mL
50 mM	0.0317 mL	0.1585 mL	0.3171 mL	0.6341 mL	0.7926 mL
100 mM	0.0159 mL	0.0793 mL	0.1585 mL	0.3171 mL	0.3963 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's necessary to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data above is only for reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.

 

References on Gambogenic acid

Gambogenic acid kills lung cancer cells through aberrant autophagy.[Pubmed:24427275]

PLoS One. 2014 Jan 10;9(1):e83604.

Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer and causes 1.38 million deaths annually, as of 2008 worldwide. Identifying natural anti-lung cancer agents has become very important. Gambogenic acid (GNA) is one of the active compounds of Gamboge, a traditional medicine that was used as a drastic purgative, emetic, or vermifuge for treating tapeworm. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that GNA exerts promising anti-tumor effects; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present paper, we found that GNA could induce the formation of vacuoles, which was linked with autophagy in A549 and HeLa cells. Further studies revealed that GNA triggers the initiation of autophagy based on the results of MDC staining, AO staining, accumulation of LC3 II, activation of Beclin 1 and phosphorylation of P70S6K. However, degradation of p62 was disrupted and free GFP could not be released in GNA treated cells, which indicated a block in the autophagy flux. Further studies demonstrated that GNA blocks the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes by inhibiting acidification in lysosomes. This dysfunctional autophagy plays a pro-death role in GNA-treated cells by activating p53, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 while decreasing Bcl-2. Beclin 1 knockdown greatly decreased GNA-induced cell death and the effects on p53, Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2. Similar results were obtained using a xenograft model. Our findings show, for the first time, that GNA can cause aberrant autophagy to induce cell death and may suggest the potential application of GNA as a tool or viable drug in anticancer therapies.

[Apoptosis of melanoma B16 cells induced by gambogenic acid].[Pubmed:25174115]

Zhong Yao Cai. 2014 Mar;37(3):469-73.

OBJECTIVE: To study the inhibitory effect of Gambogenic acid (GNA) on melanoma B16 cells proliferation, and to explore the role of cell apoptosis. METHODS: The inhibitory effect of GNA on the proliferation of B16 cells was measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay; Alternation of B16 cells ultrastructure was detected by AO/EB staining under fluorescent microscope; Flow cytometry was used to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in B16 cells generated by GNA treatment Western blotting was used to investigate the expression of intracellular Caspase-3 proteins changes. RESULTS: MTT results showed that the GNA within a certain time and a certain concentration significantly suppressed the proliferation of B16 cells and morphological changes were observed by fluorescence microscope on B16 cells after GNA treatment. AO/EB staining showed that the major cell density decreased. GNA treated cells showed obvious apoptotic status. After the cells treated with GNA, in a short period of time, intracellular ROS levels increased dramatically compared with the control group (P < 0.01), and the mitochondrial membrane had a low potential consistently. Western blotting results showed that changes of intracellular proteins expression in the release of Caspase-3 proteins expression levels were increased after GNA treatment. CONCLUSION: GNA can inhibit malignant melanoma B16 cells growth and proliferation and induce apoptosis within a certain time and at a certain concentration.

[Study of gambogenic acid-induced apoptosis of melanoma B16 cells through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways].[Pubmed:25095381]

Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2014 May;39(9):1666-9.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the mechanism of Gambogenic acid (GNA) in inducing the apoptosis of melanoma B16 cells. METHOD: The inhibitory effect of GNA on the proliferation of B16 cells was measured by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The effect of GNA on B16 cells was detected by the Hoechst 33258 staining. The transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultra-structure changes of B16 cells. The changes in PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, p-mTOR, PTEN proteins were detected by the Western blotting to discuss the molecular mechanism of GNA in inducing the apoptosis of B16 cells. RESULT: GNA showed a significant inhibitory effect in the growth and proliferation of melanoma B16 cells. The cell viability remarkably decreased with the increase of GNA concentration and the extension of the action time. The results of the Hoechst 33258 staining showed that cells processed with GNA demonstrated apparent apoptotic characteristics. Under the transmission electron microscope, B16 cells, after being treated with GNA, showed obvious morphological changes of apoptosis. The Western blot showed a time-dependent reduction in the p-PI3K and p-Akt protein expressions, with no change in p-PI3K and p-Akt protein expression quantities. The p-mTOR protein expression decreased with the extension of time, where as the PTEN protein expression showed a time-dependent increase. CONCLUSION: GNA could inhibit the proliferation of melanoma B16 cells and induce their apoptosis within certain time and concentration ranges. Its mechanism in inducing the cell apoptosis may be related to PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways.

[Gambogenic acid induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma cell line].[Pubmed:25090714]

Zhong Yao Cai. 2014 Jan;37(1):95-9.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Gambogenic acid (GNA) on the growth of human gastric carcinoma cell line MGC-803 and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: MTT assay was used to measure the cell viability. Apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected using flow cytometry method. Among them, Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining was employed in the analysis of apoptosis, Rh123 in analyzing MMP and H2DCFDA in analyzing ROS formation. P53 expression was confirmed by Western blot. RESULTS: 4.0 micromol/L GNA inhibited MGC-803 cells growth in a time dependent manner from 24 to 48 h. At the concentration range from 1.0 to 12.0 micromol/L, the inhibitory effect was in a concentration dependent manner. After treatment with 4.0 micromol/L GNA for 48 h, apoptosis was obviously observed as assayed by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Importantly, MMP was decreased and ROS formation was increased following GNA treatment. Additionally, P53 expression was up-regulated following 4.0 micromol/ L GNA treatment in a time dependent manner. CONCLUSION: GNA induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and increases P53 expression in human gastric carcinoma cell line.

Gambogenic acid induction of apoptosis in a breast cancer cell line.[Pubmed:24460340]

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(12):7601-5.

BACKGROUND: Gambogenic acid is a major active compound of gamboge which exudes from the Garcinia hanburyi tree. Gambogenic acid anti-cancer activity in vitro has been reported in several studies, including an A549 nude mouse model. However, the mechanisms of action remain unclear. METHODS: We used nude mouse models to detect the effect of Gambogenic acid on breast tumors, analyzing expression of apoptosis-related proteins in vivo by Western blotting. Effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis and apoptosis-related proteins in MDA-MB-231 cells were detected by MTT, flow cytometry and Western blotting. Inhibitors of caspase-3,-8,-9 were also used to detect effects on caspase family members. RESULTS: We found that Gambogenic acid suppressed breast tumor growth in vivo, in association with increased expression of Fas and cleaved caspase-3,-8,-9 and bax, as well as decrease in the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2. Gambogenic acid inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Our observations suggested that Gambogenic acid suppressed breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell growth by mediating apoptosis through death receptor and mitochondrial pathways in vivo and in vitro.

Description

Gambogenic acid is an active ingredient in gamboge, with anticancer activity. Gambogenic acid acts as an effective inhibitor of EZH2, specifically and covalently binds to Cys668 within the EZH2-SET domain, and induces EZH2 ubiquitination.

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