D-Biotin 58-85-5

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Performance and use

Open Data Unverified Data

photoreceptor substance in photoreceptor cells

biotin is oxidized in vivo to form cis-and trans-retinal. There are two kinds of photoreceptor cells in the human retina, in which the rod cells are sensitive to weak light and are related to dark vision because the rod cells contain the photoreceptor substance, it is composed of egg cells and cis retinal. When vitamin H is deficient, cis-retinal is not supplemented enough, rod cells cannot synthesize enough Violet cells, and thus night blindness occurs.

Maintain the integrity and integrity of epithelial tissue structure

biotin is necessary to maintain the integrity of the body's epithelial tissue. Vitamin H deficiency, can cause mucosal and epidermal keratinization, hyperplasia and dryness, resulting in dry eye disease, severe corneal keratosis thickening, inflammation, and even perforation leading to blindness. When the sebaceous glands and sweat glands are keratinized, the skin is dry, and hair follicles and papules and hair loss occur. Because the digestive tract, respiratory tract and urinary tract epithelial cells tissue is not perfect, easy to infection.

enhance immune response and resistance

biotin can enhance the body's immune response and infection resistance, stabilize the lysosomal membrane of normal tissues, maintain the body's humoral immunity, cellular immunity and affect the secretion of a series of cytokines. Large doses can promote thymic hyperplasia, as the immune enhancer in combination, can enhance immunity.

Maintain normal growth and development

• when biotin is deficient, reproductive function declines, bone growth is poor, and the growth and development of embryos and young children are blocked.
• for the treatment of arteriosclerosis, stroke, lipid metabolism disorders, hypertension, coronary heart disease and blood circulation disorders.

used in cosmetics, can improve the circulation rate of blood in the blood vessels of the skin, in the concentration range of 0.1% ~ 1.0%, easy to mix with the oil phase in the formula. In the Skin Care Cream, sports medicine, foot pain cream, shaving liquid, shampoo can be used.

 

traits and stability

• is a colorless long needle-like crystal, with a combination of urea and thiophene ring, with pentanoic acid side chain; Very slightly soluble in water (22mg/100ml water, 25 °c) and ethanol (80mg/100ml,25 C), soluble in hot water and dilute alkali, insoluble in other common organic solvents. In the case of strong alkali or oxidant decomposition.
• it is stable for several days in medium strength acid and neutral solution, but it is less stable in alkaline solution. It is quite stable at ordinary temperatures, but high temperatures and oxidants can make it inactive.
• In Vivo process: Oral biotin is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and intestinal tract. 80% of biotin in blood exists in free form and is distributed in various tissues of the whole body, after administration, most of the biotin was excreted in the urine as the original form, and only a small part was metabolized to biotin sulfur oxide and dinorbiotin.

Introduction	D biotin is an eight form of water-soluble vitamin, biotin, also known as vitamin B7. It is a coenzyme-or accessory enzyme-used in many metabolic reactions in the body. D-biotin is involved in lipid and protein metabolism, helping to convert food into glucose, which the body can use as energy. It is also important for the maintenance of the skin, hair and mucous membranes.
physiological function	1. Biotin is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, and is also an essential substance for the normal synthesis and metabolism of long chain unsaturated and fatty acids. In addition. Biotin is also involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine and cholesterol metabolism. Biotin plays an important role in protein synthesis, amino acid deamination, purine synthesis, carbamoyl transfer, leucine and Tryptophan Catabolism. It is also necessary for the transfer decarboxylation of various amino acids. 3. Involved in carbohydrate metabolism in the body. Biotinases are involved in catalytic decarboxylation and carboxylation reactions and are essential components of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is involved in and affect the formation of pyruvate decarboxylation of oxaloacetic acid, malic acid into pyruvic acid, succinic acid and propionic acid interconversion, oxalyl succinic acid into n ketone dicarboxylic acid metabolic process. 4. Participate in the metabolism of other substances biotin also as a coenzyme component in other nutrients such as methyl transfer reaction and glucose metabolism and other metabolic processes. At the same time, biotin is also related to the activation of lysozyme and the function of sebaceous gland, and is closely related to the metabolism of folic acid and pantothenic acid. The human body needs about 100-300 micrograms per day. There is an anti-biotin protein in raw egg white, which can combine with biotin, and the combined biotin can not be absorbed by the digestive tract; Cause the animal body biotin deficiency, then appear loss of appetite, glossitis, dandruff dermatitis, hair removal, etc. However, there have been no cases of biotin deficiency in humans, probably because intestinal bacteria, in addition to food sources, also synthesize biotin. Biotin is a coenzyme of many enzymes in the human body, involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and carbohydrates in the body; Promote the synthesis of protein; Also involved in the metabolism of vitamin B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid; promotes urea synthesis and excretion. (1) help fat, glycogen and amino acids in the body for normal synthesis and metabolism; (2) promote sweat glands, nerve tissue, bone marrow, male gonads, normal functioning and growth of skin and hair, relieve eczema, dermatitis symptoms; ③ prevention of white hair and hair loss, help to treat baldness; ④ remission Myalgia; (5) promoting urea synthesis and excretion, purine synthesis and oleic acid biosynthesis. 6 for the treatment of arteriosclerosis, stroke, lipid metabolism disorders, hypertension, coronary heart disease and blood circulation disorders.
Application	biotin is an essential coenzyme in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Involved in the interconversion between carbohydrates and proteins, the conversion of proteins and carbohydrates into fats. And as a coenzyme of carboxylase, transfer carboxyl group and fixed carbon dioxide. Also as a prosthetic group of many enzymes, it acts as a carboxyl carrier, fixing carbon dioxide and decarboxylation in carbohydrate metabolism. Biotin is involved in the metabolism of sugar, protein and fat in the form of coenzyme in animals. Biotin is necessary to maintain the development of animal skin, hair, hoof, reproductive and nervous system, and can also improve feed utilization and weight gain. When the lack of slow growth, reproductive disorders, dermatitis, hair removal, skin keratinization. Pig common skin ulceration, oral mucosa inflammation, Diarrhea, spasm, hoof crack and bleeding. Mainly used for Vitamin H deficiency caused by pathological changes and nutritional supplements.
efficacy	1) involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and carbohydrates in the body, is a coenzyme of a variety of enzymes. 2) promote protein synthesis, urea synthesis and excretion. 3) improve the regulation of blood sugar, which is conducive to the health and regeneration of cells.
synthesis method	with fumaric acid (2) as the starting material, after bromine addition, dibromide: the compound is substituted by benzylamine and phosgene ring closure to form imidazolidinone cis-dicarboxylic acid (3), which is then converted to anhydride (4) and ring-opened by cyclohexanol to racemic monoester (5),5 to (). Mono-ephedrine was resolved in high yield into the desired optical isomer (6), the enantiomer of 6 was cycled back to the anhydride (4). The ester bond in 6 is reduced by Lithium borohydride to an alcoholic hydroxyl group and converted into a lactone of the desired configuration (7), and treated with potassium thioacetate to form a thiolactone (8), the intermediate (9), which leads to 3 carbon atoms in the human head in the side chain, is obtained by Grignard reaction and dehydration. Catalytic Hydrogenation saturates the side chain olefinic bond and stereospecifically establishes the third chiral center (10), and is treated with hydrobromic acid to form a cyclic phosphonium salt (11), the biotin precursor (12) is obtained by introducing a human malonate residue on its Ortho carbon atom by utilizing the electrical absorbency of the phosphonium cation. Finally, the optically pure biotin (1) is prepared by acid hydrolysis, removing the benzyl group used to protect the two amino groups and making the malonate into a diacid and decarboxylating. The total yield of the whole process was more than 25%, and the average yield of each step was more than 90%.
biotin	Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin (B7), also known as Vitamin H, low concentration is widely distributed in all animals and plants, and the content is higher in egg yolk, yeast, milk and poultry. In addition, the human intestinal bacteria can also synthesize a large number of biotin, distributed in the whole body tissues, which in the liver and kidney in the most content. Biotin is a trace growth factor contained in every living cell. It is an important coenzyme for fat metabolism and other carboxylation reactions, and maintains the normal growth and development of human beings, there is no shortage of maintaining the health of the skin and bone marrow. The absence of biotin may cause dermatitis, atrophic glossitis, hyperesthesia, myalgia, malaise, anorexia, and mild anemia, and the symptoms disappear with biotin supplementation. Its most common side effect is an outbreak of cystic acne. But for most people, even excessive consumption of this vitamin does not cause a negative effect. However, pregnant women should not take biotin because of the risk of miscarriage.
physical and chemical properties	biotin is widely distributed in plants and animals, and naturally occurring biotin exists mainly in the form of binding with other molecules. The chemical structure of biotin includes a spindle side chain containing five carbon atoms and two five-membered heterocycles, and the spindle group on the side chain is bound to the lysine s residue of the enzyme protein in the body, play the role of coenzyme. There may be 8 different isomers of biotin, of which only D-biotin is biologically active. Under normal circumstances, biotin is quite stable, only in strong acid, strong alkali, formaldehyde and UV treatment will be destroyed. Biotin is the carrier of a carboxyl group in many carboxylation reactions requiring ATP, which temporarily binds to a nitrogen atom in the bicyclic system of biotin, as in the reaction in which pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate. FIG. 1 shows the molecular structure of biotin.
biotin and fat metabolism	biotin is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids as a coenzyme of the enzyme, catalyzed formation of malonic acid CoA from ethyl acetate CoA. The reaction is the first step of fatty acid synthesis, and then through the cytoplasmic multi-enzyme complex, fatty acid synthase, from the synthesis of brown acid by the two-CoA. In the reaction of fatty acid carbon chain extension, propylene diphthalein-ACP as the donor of two carbon units participates in the reaction, and propylene diphthalein-ACP is derived from propylene diphthalein-CoA, biotin is essential for the initiation of fatty acid synthesis and for the elongation of fatty acid carbon chains. Biotin deficiency, abnormal lipid metabolism, causing changes in the body's fatty acid composition, saturated fatty acid synthesis, triphthalein glycerol synthesis increased, so that the liver and kidney fat increased 2 to 5 times. Biotin deficiency diet, will make the liver tissue of brown acid to saturation rate increased by 5 times. Palm resting oleic acid increased, stearic acid decreased, biotin is also an essential substance for the normal synthesis and fatty acid metabolism of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. Biotin is also involved in the synthesis of choline and the metabolism of cholesterol., leads to the accumulation of linoleic acid in the body.
Source Food	Food origin brown rice, wheat, strawberry, grapefruit, grape, beer, liver, egg, lean meat, dairy products. People in Need good raw eggs and drinking people need to supplement Biotin; People taking antibiotics or sulfonamides should take at least 25 μg per day; Men with sparse hair should take biotin, the effect of preventing hair loss is obvious. During pregnancy, biotin will be significantly lost, should be under the guidance of the Doctor reasonable supplement.
toxicity	the toxicity of biotin seems to be low, treatment of seborrheic dermatitis with high doses of biotin did not reveal abnormal protein metabolism or genetic errors and other metabolic abnormalities. Animal experiments also showed little toxicity of biotin. GRAS(FDA,§ 182.5159,§ 182.8519,2000).
side effects	the outbreak of cystic acne on the jaw and jaw is the most common side effect of biotin. The specific reasons are not well understood, and usually disappear themselves after several weeks. There are also nutritional users who report that acne symptoms can be alleviated when the dose is limited to less than 2500 micrograms. In summary, the situation experienced by each person is slightly different. life-threatening biotin side effects and their rarity. Eosinophilic pleural effusion was the only documented fatal case that resulted in the death of a woman. She takes a lot of biotin along with vitamin B5. To date, it is unclear whether her death was caused by biotin, B5, or a mixture of the two. healthy adults are less likely to develop biotin deficiency. The disease is common in people who overconsume avidin (which can be found in raw eggs), or have skin or hair disorders (such as phenylketonuria). Symptoms of deficiency usually take years to manifest themselves. The study found that about 50% of pregnant women had biotin deficiency. They lack an enzyme that tells the body how to use biotin properly, which can lead to a decline in metabolic function. Most doctors do not recommend biotin nutrition as a therapeutic measure because tests on rats have found that it poses a risk of miscarriage and fetal defects. biotin is often recommended as a nutrient for hair and nail health. Since it also has an effect on carbohydrates, it is also often used to control body weight. Biotin supplements are known for their cosmetic and pro-metabolic effects. The recommended dose varies from 3 micrograms to 5000 micrograms per day, depending on the specific use. Because side effects are rare and relatively easy to control even if they occur, it is a safe nutritional supplement.
identification test	the dropwise added bromine test solution (TS-46) is discolored by a saturated solution of warm water of the sample.
content analysis	accurately weigh about 500mg of sample, mix with 100ml of water, add several drops of phenolphthalein test solution (TS-167), with constant heating and stirring, 0.1mol/L was used. Sodium hydroxide was slowly added dropwise to the suspension until pink. Each ml of 0.1mol/L sodium hydroxide solution corresponds to 24.43mg of biotin (C10Hl6N2O3S).
Use	as a feed additive, mainly used for poultry and sow feed. The mass fraction of the pre-mix is usually from 1% to 2%. nutritional supplements. According to China's provisions GB2760-90, can be used in the food industry as processing aids. The product has the prevention of skin diseases, promote lipid metabolism and other physiological functions. High consumption of raw protein can lead to biotin deficiency. is a coenzyme of carboxylase, participates in many carboxylation reactions, and is an important coenzyme in the intermediate metabolism of sugar, protein and fat is used as a food fortifier. Can be used for infant food, the use of 0.1~0.4mg/kg, in the drink for 0.02~0.08mg/kg. can be used for protein, antigen, antibody, nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) and other labeling
production method	was obtained by microbial fermentation. obtained by Cysteine synthesis.
category	toxic substances
flammability hazard characteristics	flammability; Toxic nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxide fumes from combustion
storage and transportation characteristics	ventilation and low temperature drying
fire extinguishing agent	dry powder, foam, sand, carbon dioxide, water mist

 

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Stored in a cool and dry well-closed container. Keep away from moisture and strong light/heat.

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