Add time:08/06/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

Various intrinsic and extrinsic factors can increase the spontaneous discharge rate of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. Among the extrinsic ones, orexinergic neurons of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) send widespread projections to LC region. Accumulating evidence support the involvement of glutamate in mediating the excitatory effect of orexin-A on LC neurons. In addition, both orexinergic and glutamatergic systems have been shown to play critical roles in molecular changes underlying the development of morphine dependence. The present study was designed to investigate the interaction between orexin-A and glutamate in modulating the firing rate of LC neurons. Regarding the role of both orexinergic and glutamatergic systems in morphine dependence, this effect was also investigated in morphine dependent rats. For this purpose, spontaneous discharge rate of LC neurons was recorded using the whole-cell patch clamp recording method in presence of orexin-A, glutamate or orexin-A plus glutamate in acutely prepared brain slices. Results indicated that superfusion of either orexin-A or glutamate enhances the firing rate of LC neurons in both dependent and non-dependent rats. However, co-application of orexin-A and glutamate elicited a significant synergism in enhancement of firing rate only in morphine dependent animals. In conclusion, it seems that development of morphine dependence promotes adaptations in locus coeruleus neurons that potentiate the orexin-glutamate interaction.

We also recommend Trading Suppliers and Manufacturers of DIETHYL GLUTAMATE (cas 16450-41-2). Pls Click Website Link as below: cas 16450-41-2 suppliers