Add time:08/11/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

Thallium (Tl) is a non-essential, highly toxic element having Tl(I) and Tl(III) two redox states. Tl(III) is more toxic to organisms than Tl(I) but is less of attention. The objective of this study was to investigate the reason of Tl(III) instability in the presence of plant. The content of Tl(III) was rapidly reduced from 100% to 16.1% in Tl solution cultivating rice seedlings while content of Tl(I) was increased from 0 to 83.8% within 8 h. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that organic acids exudates in rice roots caused the pH decline in rhizosphere, but only oxalate was the specific organic acid in root exudates under Tl stress. The anion channel inhibitor, nifiumic acid (NIF), could efficiently inhibit the oxalate exudation but had no effect on oxalate content in root cytosol compared with Tl treatment. The exogenous oxalate, malate and citrate significantly contributed the reduction of Tl(III) to Tl(I). It was concluded that the contact of Tl(III) with organic acids in plant cells or in root exudates promoted the instability of Tl(III) with plants. Meanwhile, the presence of DTPA could effectively restrain the conversion of Tl(III) to Tl(I). This study provided better understanding of the basic biochemical mechanism for the reduction of Tl(III) in contact with plants. It will contribute to controlling relevant factors to stabilize Tl(III) for further toxic assessment on organism and to studying Tl(III) behavior in ecological system.

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