Add time:08/11/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

Many organophosphorus (OP) and methylcarbamate (MC ) insecticides and related compounds. when injected into the yolk sac on day 4 of incubation, markedly lower chicken embryo NAD levels at day 12 of incubation. The same compounds also produce drastic developmental defects. suggesting that the lowered level of NAD may be the cause of teratogenesis. The most potent OP compounds of those tested are diazinon and dicrotophos acting at 0.1 and 1 mg/kg. respectively, while the MC compounds, escrine sulfate and carbaryl. are effective at 1 and 4 mg/kg respectively. The injection of nicotinamide and other NAD precursors prevents the decrease in NAD levels and alleviates most of the teratogenic signs. Previous hypotheses, including that relating the inhibition of yolk sac membrane esterases to embryonic abnormalities, are less satisfactory or are inadequate to explain this type of chemically induced teratogenesis. Areas remaining to be defined are the biochemical lesion leading to decreased chicken embryo NAD levels and the relevance of these findings to mammals.

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