Add time:08/18/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

The sol–gel transformation of aqueous solutions of aluminium ions into aluminium (oxy)hydroxides induced by the addition of a ‘soft base’—‘Tris-buffer’ (pKa=8.2) has been investigated using monotonous single-batch titrations and a combination of four complimentary techniques for monitoring pH, conductivity, viscosity and ultrasound parameters (velocity and attenuation). The multi-probe monitoring of the formation of aluminium (oxy)hydroxides enabled important stages of the sol–gel transformation process including: the structural conversion of aluminium Keggin-like polynuclear clusters into nanoparticles of aluminium (oxy)hydroxide; the aggregation of primary nuclei of aluminium (oxy)hydroxide into larger particles, and the ‘arrested growth’ of the aggregates with the formation of the three-dimensional gel network to be followed. The effect of aluminium ion molecular speciation on the sol–gel transformation stages is discussed. The data presented show that ultrasonic spectrometry, although a novel tool for sol–gel studies, is beneficial for the non-invasive monitoring of the latter stages of aluminium (oxy)hydroxide formation and its eventual breakdown in the presence of excess base.

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