Add time:08/25/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

In this study, we evaluated the virucidal effects of chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol soluble fractions of ethanolic halophyte extracts, including extracts of iceplant (Mesembryantchemum crystallinum L.), salt sandspurry (Spergularia marina L. Besser), beach silvertop (Glehnia littoralis F. Schmidt ex Miq.), marshfire glasswort (Salicornia europaea L.), and East Asian seepweed (Suaeda japonica Makino), against human norovirus (HuNoV). Using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, magnetic bead separation for enrichment of viral particles with pretreatment combining propidium monoazide and sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, we found that the 100 μg/mL n-butanol fractions from S. europaea and S. japonica extracts showed the highest virucidal effects against HuNoV GII.4 after 1 h, as shown by log10 reductions of more than 2 (P < 0.05). The virucidal effects of n-butanol fractions from S. europaea and S. japonica extracts increased with contact time, and reduction values were below 3 log10 for up to 12 h. Overall, the results of this study indicated that S. europaea and S. japonica extracts could be suitable for NoV reduction, although HuNoV GII.4 was remarkably resistant to other extracts. Moreover, further studies are necessary to identify virucidally active compounds in order to elucidate the mechanisms of viral inactivation by halophyte plants.

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