Add time:08/26/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders, affecting approximately 7–12% of children, adolescents and adults worldwide. Up to 30% of the 6.4 million children diagnosed with ADHD will continue to meet criteria for ADHD in adulthood, and 78% experience subclinical ADHD symptoms throughout adulthood. The cost of ADHD is estimated to be up to $18 000 annually per individual, with the total cost of ADHD in the United States reaching an estimated $31.6 billion. Recently the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) has been revised and allows for later diagnosis. Treatment of choice for ADHD continues to focus on catecholamine function, and agents that are available today are rapidly acting (within minutes) and highly efficacious in the majority of cases. Different formulations of methylphenidate (MPH) have made adherence easier while also minimizing some side effects. The behavioral, genetic and neurobiological features of ADHD will be discussed, alongside the advantages and disadvantages MPH, its mechanism of action, and future directions for the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD.

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