Add time:08/29/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

ABSTRACT:Plants are consumed by bacteria, fungi and animals and utilization of plant proteins requires their hydrolysis, a process which is catalyzed by proteases. Plants defend themselves against other organisms by elaborating physical and chemical defenses, the latter including protein and non-protein inhibitors of proteases. Plant protease inhibitor proteins can be either constitutive or inducible as a result of wounding or pathogen invasion. Proteases are classified into the aspartic proteases, cysteine proteases, metalloproteases and serine proteases on the basis of the involvement of aspartate, cysteine, metal ions and serine, respectively, in the catalytic mechanism. Extracellular proteases are involved in digestion, blood clotting, inflammatory responses to invasion, and extracellular matrix digestion required for angiogenesis and tissue remodelling. Intracellular proteolysis must be exquisitely regulated to avoid autolysis and intracellular proteases are involved in proprotein processing, lysosome- and proteasome-mediated protein destruction, cell division and apoptosis. A large variety of plant protease inhibitor proteins and peptides have been resolved including aspartic protease inhibitor proteins, cysteine protease inhibitory phytocystatins, metallocarboxypeptidase inhibitor proteins and serine protease inhibitor proteins such as the Bowman-Birk, cereal bifunctional, Kunitz, potato type I, potato type II, mustard family, squash family, serpin and other protease inhibitors. Plant protease inhibitor proteins have potential transgenic applications for crop plant defense. A variety of non-protein protease inhibitors have also been resolved from plants. Plant protease inhibitors have potential for pharmaceutical development especially in relation to Alzheimer’s disease, angiogenesis, cancer, inflammatory disease and viral and protozoal infection.

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