Add time:08/23/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

In this chapter, the main attention is focused on the production of ultrafine and nanopowders and their application in the particulate condition and consolidated state. Features of nanoparticles properties, such as structural characteristics, thermodynamic data, and their mechanical, electromagnetic, and optical properties, are discussed. In addition to the content in Chapter 1 regarding nanopowder testing, the scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, magnetic force microscopy, and instrumental indentation are considered here. The main nanosized powder production technologies, including the condensation technique, chemical precipitation from solution, the spray conversion method, plasmochemical synthesis, high-energy disintegration, and electrical explosion, are characterized. Nanopowder passivation methods, such as chemical passivation and microencapsulation of nanoparticles, are described. The safety aspects of nanopowder production in connection with the peculiarities of the structural characteristics, surface properties, and thermodynamic data of nanopowders are discussed. Application fields, including vapor deposition in vacuum, cemented carbides, fiber-reinforced materials, gradient materials, nanopowder composites, thin film technique, semiconductors, electrical storage systems, and miniaturized systems, are characterized.

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