Add time:08/23/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

Publisher SummaryThis chapter describes the phenolic derivatives of monohydric aliphatic alcohols and related alkylamines together with their oxidation products, the corresponding monoaldehydes, monoketones and monocarboxylic acids. It discusses their general methods of preparation, properties and reactions. A useful preparative route to methylphenols results from reduction of the appropriate benzylamine with hydrogen and copper chromite. Phenols condense readily with formaldehyde and under mild conditions good yields of the 2- and 4-hydroxybenzyl, alcohols can be obtained with one mole of aqueous formaldehyde present. Hydroxybenzaldehydes and their ethers are obtained by the action of dry hydrogen chloride and anhydrous hydrogen cyanide on a phenol or phenyl ether in some inert solvent, such as ether or benzene. An ester of a phenol is converted to a mixture of the o- and p-hydroxyketones by treatment with aluminum chloride, either alone or in a solvent, such as carbon disulfide, nitrobenzene or tetrachloroethane. Many hydroxybenzoic acids occur in plants, particularly as depsides in lichens, and gallic acid is an important constituent of the hydrolysable tannins. Their methyl ethers are oxidation products of many natural compounds and have been important in structure determination. Salicylic acid and aspirin are important pharmaceutical chemicals.

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