Add time:08/30/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

One of the most successful achievements of mankind is represented by the discovery and development of beta-lactam antibiotics. Ninety years after Fleming's fortuitous discovery of penicillin and the penicillin-producing fungus Penicillium notatum/Penicillium chrysogenum (recently re-identified as Penicillium rubens) and 73 years after the isolation of Brotzu's cephalosporin-producer Acremonium chrysogenum, these antibiotics are still among the most commonly prescribed drugs due to their high activity and low toxicity. The discovery of these compounds opened the era of “magic bullets” and has dramatically contributed to human and animal global health. The advances in biotechnology, microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology and omics techniques have contributed to the knowledge of biosynthesis, transport and regulation of these antibiotics, as well as to the characterization of the molecular mechanisms underlying improved beta-lactam productivity by industrial strains. Genetic, metabolic and chemical engineering applied by the scientific community from industry and academia have resulted in the improvement of penicillin and cephalosporin titers, together with the development of new semisynthetic compounds with better antibiotic properties in terms of potency, breadth of spectrum, activity against resistant pathogens, stability and pharmacokinetic properties, which still guarantees a brilliant future for beta-lactam antibiotics.

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