Add time:08/28/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

A large number of isomeric ring systems in which both fused heterocyclic five-membered rings contain one bridgehead nitrogen atom and one further heteroatom in each ring have received considerable attention over the past few years (more than 250 references cited here). Several heterocycles containing fully conjugated or nonconjugated rings have been reported in the literature and will be examined, with an emphasis on those systems that contain nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus as heteroatoms. This chapter is an update to Chapter 8.04 of CHEC-II(1996); it covers the literature from 1995 to 2007. More specifically, it contains major informations on the reactivity and the synthesis of the fully unsaturated 5-5 bicyclic systems compared to their partially or fully saturated members. Furthermore, a variety of biological activities and important applications in the chemical, medical, and agrochemical field are briefly reviewed in this chapter. Considering the little information obtained in few areas, coverage of sections dealing with structural, theoretical, and thermodynamic data has been kept to a minimum since only imidazo[1,2-a]imidazole and imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole systems have been the subject of recent studies.

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