Add time:09/06/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

Publisher SummaryAdenosine exerts physiological effects on the nervous system through interactions with cell surface receptors. In the nervous system adenosine has been shown to alter levels of cyclic adenosine 3', 5’-monophosphate (CAMP), inhibit synaptic activity and neuronal excitability, and modulate cerebral blood flow, and these effects have led to numerous proposed functional roles for adenosine. Adenosine can act as a “retaliatory metabolite” by which cells communicate their energy status to the surrounding tissues. Adenosine has been shown to be released during cerebral ischemia, and it increases cerebral blood, inhibits synaptic activity, and decreases neuronal excitability. Thus adenosine acts as a neuroprotectant, preventing damage from ischemia and excitotoxicity. Adenosine receptors are located throughout the nervous system and extracellular adenosine can effectively modulate neuronal activity. This chapter summarizes what is known about how adenosine exerts it effects on neuronal activity, how cells form adenosine and regulate adenosine concentrations, and how cells release adenosine into the extracellular space where it can exert its modulator actions. By integrating these different areas of research, it is hoped that a more complete picture of how the brain uses adenosine as a modulator of synaptic activity will be formed. The chapter discusses the various adenosine receptors, adenosine formation by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, adenosine formation metabolism of lntracellular nucleotides, degradation of adenosine, adenosine levels in the brain, extracellular degradation of nucleotides, direct release of adenosine into the extracellular space, and localized adenosine release and synaptic modulation. The experimental evidence has made it clear that adenosine serves multiple functions throughout the nervous system. Studies on the actions of exogenous adenosine have conclusively shown that adenosine can act as a potent and effective modulator of synaptic activity and neuronal function. The purpose of the chapter to summarize what is known about how cells synthesize, release, and regulate adenosine.

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