Add time:09/04/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) was first isolated from the ovine hypothalamus with potency for cAMP elevation of pituitary cells. The PACAP precursor is cleaved by prohormone convertases to generate two types of PACAP molecular forms, PACAP27 and PACAP38. PACAP is widely present in vertebrates, maintaining high homology. It is abundantly expressed in nervous tissues, and is also detected in the testis, adrenal gland, intestine, and pancreas. PACAP has pleiotropic functions as a neurotransmitter, neuroprotectant, and neurite outgrowth factor in nervous tissues, and as a vasodilator, smooth muscle relaxant, adrenergic and insulin secretagog, and inducer of spermatogenesis in peripheral tissues. The PACAP knockout mouse shows many phenotypic changes, such as weakened neurons, abnormalities of circadian rhythm, delayed development of the cerebellum, abnormal metabolic and hormone levels, high mortality in newborns, impairment of memory and learning, and schizophrenia-related behavior.

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