Add time:09/02/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

Analysis of real samples is usually associated with the need for proper sample treatment, which is traditionally performed by liquid–liquid extraction or solid phase extraction. During recent years, membrane extractions were proposed as an alternative for pretreatment of various real samples. In this chapter, membrane extractions are discussed with particular interest in their green aspects, such as minimum environmental impact, reduced use of organic solvents, low cost, and easy fabrication. Fundamental classification based on membrane properties (porous vs nonporous), extraction principles (one-phase vs multiple-phases) and driving forces (diffusion vs electric field) is presented, which is complemented with description of basic principles of selected green membrane extractions. Instrumental set-ups for on-line and off-line coupling to analytical instrumentation and novel approaches are also reported along with a brief discussion on future perspectives of green membrane extraction techniques.

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