Add time:09/02/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

We review recent studies performed with pedestal optical waveguides based on germanate glasses doped with rare-earth ions with and without gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs). This technology represents a new alternative to study novel optical materials as the etching of the core material itself is not required. So, the materials that are highly inert to chemical etchants or alloys, as those based on heavy metal oxide, can be benefited by this new architecture. The fabrication of thin films with metallic NPs using the sputtering technique and the optical pedestal waveguide production together with the passive and active optical characterization used to evaluate the optical waveguide performance are shown. Recent results of rare-earth-doped GeO2-PbO pedestal waveguides are reviewed, with and without Au NPs. The examples given are based on the GeO2-PbO composition whose nucleation was demonstrated for the first time in Pr3 +-doped GeO2-PbO bulk with silver (Ag) NPs. Since then, motivated by these results, several results with different rare-earth ions and metallic NPs were reported and showed the possibility to enhance the photoluminescence (PL). Advances on the fabrication process of Er3 +/Yb3 +-doped GeO2-PbO pedestal waveguides that contributed to enhance the gain (50%) that reached 6.0 dB/cm, at 1530 nm, for 70 μm waveguide width are discussed. It is also demonstrated that using the pedestal fabrication technology, it is possible to produce Tm3 +/Yb3 +-codoped GeO2-PbO pedestal waveguides with Au NPs that reached 22 dB/cm, at 805 nm, for 30 μm waveguide width, thus opening possibilities for potential applications on fiber network at short distances. Finally, the benefit that this new architecture can bring in the future related to the nonlinear integrated optics (NLO) is discussed, as the pedestal waveguide fabrication technology allows the use of novel materials with high nonlinearities.

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