Add time:09/08/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

After a brief introduction highlighting the importance of the topic today, this chapter gives a historic review of cholera through the ages, including the discovery of the Vibrio cholerae bacterium and identification of its major virulence factor, the cholera toxin. It proceeds by describing homologous toxins of this growing family, such as the heat-labile enterotoxin from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains (ETEC), which causes traveler’s diarrhea, followed by the description of the toxins’ three-dimensional (3D) structures and their interaction with intestinal receptors. The next section is devoted to the biological mechanisms by which cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin mediate diarrhea. Finally, the text describes the toxins’ gene organization, regulation, and biogenesis, how toxins use environmental signals to optimize their biological effects, and how the cholera toxin and the toxin co-regulated pilus act together to cause disease. It then concludes by highlighting the recent advances and remaining mysteries, and by providing a link to toxin-based drug design.

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