Add time:09/09/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

Wastewater from petroleum refineries contains toxic, carcinogenic and recalcitrant chlorophenols. This comes with the mandatory environmental aspect of the recycling of the organic wastes. This work aimed to prepare; fluorapatite (FAP) by a simple calcination process of waste animal bones (ABs), ZnO nanoparticles by a wet chemical method and ZnO/FAP binary oxide nano-bio-composite by a simple mechano-mixing technique and study their photo-catalytic degradation properties on chlorophenols. The obtained catalysts were characterized by high-resolution X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, Brunauer Emmett-Teller and Barret-Joyner-Halenda methods and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. The three prepared catalysts showed excellent photo-catalytic degradation activity under UV-irradiation towards 3-chlorphenol and 2,3-dichlorphenol. The photo-degradation followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood L-H kinetic model with R2 ≥ 0.962; however, the rate constant was strongly affected by the type of the catalyst and chlorophenols. New proposed mathematical correlations were elucidated to assess the relationship between the cumulative removal of the studied chlorophenols and the production of their photocatalytic oxidation intermediates. In the view of the ubiquity, environmental compatibility, and cost-effectiveness; the prepared green FAP from ABs as a readily available, sustainable and cheap waste byproduct of food industry proved to be a favorable photo-catalyst for remediating petroleum refineries wastewater. In an attempt to enhance the photo-catalytic degradation activities of ZnO towards the chlorophenols, the mechano-mixing process suggested a new approach to produce commercial amounts of nano-bio-composites of ZnO/FAP nanostructures with high quality and suitable structural and morphological features that would revolutionize the field of biomaterials.

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