Add time:09/09/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

Publisher SummaryActinomyces are Gram-positive, pleiomorphic, often filamentous, rod-shaped bacteria belonging to the family Actinomycetales. Morphologically, many species resemble nocardioform actinomycetes whereas others are more coryneform. Most Actinomyces species are parasitic and represent part of the normal flora on the mucous membranes, especially of the oral and gastro intestinal tract of mammals and humans. Two broad categories of disease caused by various species of Actinomyces arc recognized in humans. These include: (1) actinomvcosis found anywhere in the body and (2) plaque formation on the teeth with subsequent periodontal disease. The genus Nocardia consists of partially acid-fast, Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, and non-motile bacteria that produce branching filamentous cells during the growth phase. A wide variety, of animals, and some plants, may become infected by Nocardia species. The most prevalent form is nocardiosis, although the most apparent disease visually is nocardially-induced actinomycetoma. In humans, nocardiosis often starts as a lower respiratory tract infection that may begin with flu-like symptoms. The infection may be self-limited or it may progress with a varied pulmonary presentation.

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