Add time:09/10/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

Amino acids are simple organic compounds that contain one or more amino groups and one or more carboxyl groups. They are the building blocks of peptides, proteins, and components of other complex polymers like the cell wall. There are 20 protein-forming amino acids, all of which, except glycine, are optically active and occur as l-enantiomers. Eight of these protein-forming l-amino acids are essential for mammals. There are large demands for amino acids in the areas of food and feed additives and drug manufacturing. In medicine, amino acids are used for infusions and as therapeutic agents. Amino acid derivatives are also used in the chemical industry, such as in synthetic leathers, surface-active agents, fungicides, and pesticides. It is estimated that in 2004, a volume of 56% of the total amino acid market was occupied by the so-called feed amino acids l-lysine, dl-methionine, l-threonine, and l-tryptophan. At 34%, the share of the food sector is also substantial and is essentially determined by three amino acids l-glutamate, in the form of the flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate (MSG), and l-aspartate and l-phenylalanine, the latter two used as starting materials for the peptide sweetener l-aspartyl l-phenylalanyl methyl ester (aspartame). The total amino acids manufactured represent a value of roughly US$5000 million, and thus trail behind antibiotics made with microorganisms. The market is growing steadily by about 5–10% per year. The production methods to date are (1) microbial production, (2) protein hydrolysis, (3) chemical synthesis, and (4) enzymatic synthesis. Whereas chemical synthesis produces a racemic mixture, which may require additional resolution, the other procedures give rise to optically pure l-amino acids.

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