Add time:09/27/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), the active form of thiamine, functions as a coenzyme for a number of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, thus making metabolites from this metabolism and keto analogues from amino and fatty acid metabolism available for the production of energy. TPP can be found in various sources; yeast, wheat, and sunflower seeds are considered good sources of the vitamin, whereas dairy products contain only small amounts. Only short-term stores are found in organisms. Deficiencies might arise because of gastrointestinal diseases (impaired uptake) or enhanced requirements (e.g., pregnancy, adolescence, trauma, or surgery), or increased losses and impaired biosynthesis of TPP and can lead to various forms of beriberi, a disease appearing mostly in Southeast Asia. The principal clinical symptoms are cardiovascular problems, peripheral neuropathy, or Wernicke’s syndrome. A suckling’s beriberi is also described.For the treatment of diseases of the central (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and of exhaustion and during cytostatic treatment, 50–200 mg thiamine day-1 is administered orally. Beriberi is treated by administering 50–100 mg thiamine day-1 subcutaneously or intravenously for several days, followed by equal oral doses for several weeks. Almost no side effects of higher doses of thiamine (e.g., up to 200 mg day-1) are known.

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