Add time:09/09/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

The use of lipid derived components as a raw material for the preparation of solketal fatty esters via heterogeneous catalysis route is the main objective of this work as an attempt to maintain the sustainability of biodiesel production industries. Oxides derived from highly abundant and low cost calcium-rich natural materials, including dolomite, seashell, chicken eggshells and cuttlebone, by simple calcination were investigated as solid base catalysts for the transesterification of methyl decanoate with solketal under solvent free conditions. Among the catalysts studied, the calcium and magnesium mixed oxides derived from dolomite gave the highest yield (84%) of solketal fatty esters at 150°C within 6 h and their superior catalytic activity was correlated with their higher basicity. The catalyst could be regenerated by calcination at 800°C and successfully reused for up to five cycles with <20% drop in the catalytic activity. The formation of calcium fatty ester hydrates, as soap-like compounds, during the catalytic reaction caused a loss of active calcium species. Under the optimized conditions, transesterification of various fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with solketal was characterized and revealed that long-chain FAMEs were preferential reactants.

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