Add time:09/09/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

Cardenolides are composed of a steroid nucleus and a five-membered unsaturated lactone (butenolide) ring at C-17β. It is assumed that the butenolide ring is formed from a pregnane 21-O-malonyl hemiester after a condensation reaction between the methylenic group of the malonic acid residue and the C-20 carbonyl of the pregnane scaffold. Here, the formation of the butenolide ring was studied starting from pregnane 21-O-malonyl hemiesters with and without a hydroxyl group in position C-14β. Efficient lactonization was only achieved in the case of the 14β-hydroxylated derivative. The reaction involves: 1) formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the C-20 carbonyl group and the 14β-hydroxyl group which stabilizes a negatively charged intermediate and/or increases the positive character of the C-20 carbonyl carbon, 2) nucleophilic attack that enables efficient lactonization by release of water, and 3) subsequent decarboxylation. We provide chemical and mechanistic evidence that 14β-hydroxylation would precede lactonization in cardenolide biosynthesis.

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