Add time:09/09/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

The piperazine derivatives include 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP), 1,3-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP), 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine (mCPP) and 1-(4-methoxyphenyl) piperazine (MeOPP); a full summary of their chemical properties is presented in the ‘Physical Descriptions’ section. These novel psychoactive substances are classed as ‘designer drugs’. They are primarily stimulants and potentiate central dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline neurotransmission. BZP has greatest effect on dopamine and is a moderately potent stimulant. It possesses rewarding stimulant properties which are tempered by adverse symptoms such as nausea and prolonged hangovers. In contrast, TFMPP acts more directly as a serotonin agonist. Piperazine derivatives are increasingly being substituted for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), either as single constituents or more commonly as mixtures of piperazine derivatives. Toxicity is mostly due to excessive sympathomimetic effects; typical symptoms include palpitations, agitation, anxiety, dizziness, confusion, tremor, headache, mydriasis, insomnia and vomiting. The most serious complications from recreational use are seizures, hyperthermia, renal failure, hyponatraemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. There are case reports but little other research on the precipitation or exacerbation of psychiatric illness. Based on animal studies and human reports piperazine derivatives appear to have mild to moderate potential for abuse and dependency.

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