Acyloin Condensation L. Bouveault, R. Loquin, Compt. Rend. 140, 1593 (1905). Reductive coupling of esters by sodium to yield acyloins (α-hydroxyke

Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis Base-catalyzed alkylation or arylation of β-ketoesters. Subsequent mild hydrolysis and decarboxylation yield substituted acetones. Alterna

Claisen Condensation (Acetoacetic Ester Condensation) L. Claisen, O. Lowman, Ber. 20, 651 (1887). Base-catalyzed condensation of an ester containing an

Ugi Reaction (Four-Component Condensation, 4CC) I. Ugi, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1, 8 (1962). The α-addition of an iminium ion and the conjugate base