15686-71-2 Usage
Description
Cephalexin, also known as Keflex, is a semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic derived from the cephem skeleton. It possesses a methyl group at the 3-position and a beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group at the 7-position. Cephalexin is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms and is characterized by its white crystalline powder form. It is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, making it a popular choice for treating various bacterial infections.
Uses
Used in Antimicrobial Applications:
Cephalexin is used as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of infections caused by bacteria that may induce ear, respiratory, urinary tract, and skin infections. It is particularly effective against bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Haemophilus influenza.
Used in Penicillin Allergy Alternatives:
Cephalexin is used as an alternative for patients who are allergic to penicillin and may have a heart condition, particularly during respiratory tract procedures. It helps inhibit the development of infection on their heart valves.
Used in Drug Resistance Management:
Cephalexin is administered to minimize the development of bacteria that are resistant to drugs. To maintain its overall effectiveness, the drug should be prescribed as a treatment for infections that can be attributed to bacteria. The availability of susceptibility and culture information should be considered while making modifications to antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such information, susceptibility and epidemiology patterns may be used to influence the adoption of treatment.
Used in Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacterial Infections:
Cephalexin is used as a widely prescribed drug for treating infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as urinary tract infections, and Gram-positive infections, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes, which affect soft tissues, pharyngitis, and minor wounds.
Used in the Pharmaceutical Industry:
Cephalexin, under the brand name Keflex and its generic forms, is used in the pharmaceutical industry for the development and production of antibiotics to combat bacterial infections. The ampicillin-type side chain in cephalexin conveys oral activity, making it a popular choice for oral administration. However,
Indications
Cephalexin is prescribed for the treatment of otitis media, genitourinary, bone, respiratory, and skin structure infections.
Mechanism of Action
The mechanism of action of Cephalexin resembles that of penicillin where it inhibits synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, its absence influences death as a result of bacterial lysis. Cell lysis is further mediated by autolytic enzymes particular to the bacterial cell wall, which includes autolysis. Research indicates that there is a probability that Cephalexin impedes the functionality of an autolysin inhibitor.
Pharmacodynamics
Cephalexin is a 1st generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is widely prescribed for the treatment of external infections that may arise from complications associated with lacerations or minor wounds. The drug is effective in fighting a majority of gram-positive bacteria.
Cephalexin illustrates vitro activity that opposes methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, a notable pathogen in osteoarticular infections. However, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are inadequately defined in children.
Interactions
Cephalexin may minimize the impact of typhoid and BCG vaccines. Notably, these three drugs should not be administered at the same time. Patients are also advised to take the drug on an empty stomach at least 1-2 hours after meals.
Dosing Information
A standard dose of Cephalexin should be administered orally in 250mg every 6 hours. Alternatively, in 12 hours, a dose of 500mg should be administered to the patient during the 7-14days treatment period. In instances where the infections are severe, higher doses up to 4g should be administered in 2-4 equal does every day.
For pediatric patients, the appropriate daily dose of Cephalexin is 25-40mg/kg administered in equal doses for a period of 7-14days. Severe infections may necessitate 50-100mg/kg administered in equal doses.
The treatment of Otitis media necessitates 75-100mg/kg in equal doses of Cephalexin. For patients with renal impairments, the dosage requirements may be adjusted accordingly for both pediatric and adult patients.
Elimination
Cephalexin undergoes tubular secretion and glomerular filtration before it is eliminated in urine. Studies indicate that about 90% of Cephalexin is eliminated in its unaltered form in urine within 8 hours.
Side effects
Allergic reactions to Cephalexin may result in respiratory issues, swelling of the tongue, lips, face, or the throat, and hives. Nonetheless, one may need to consult a doctor if they experience watery diarrhea or intense stomach pains, unusual bleeding or easy bruising, minimal or no urination, hallucinations, confusion or agitation, and severe skin reaction.
Common side effects associated with Cephalexin include vaginal discharge or itching, skin rash, fever, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, headache, feeling of exhaustion, dizziness, or diarrhea.
Side effects
Nausea, vomiting and abdominal discomfort are relatively
common. Pseudomembranous colitis has been described and
overgrowth of Candida with vaginitis may be troublesome.
Otherwise, mild hypersensitivity reactions and biochemical
changes common to cephalosporins occur. Very rare neurological
disturbances have been described, particularly in patients
in whom very high plasma levels have been achieved. There
are rare reports of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal
necrolysis.
Safety Precautions
A patient should inform the pharmacist or doctor of any allergic reactions to Cephalexin, associated cephalosporin antibiotics, and additional ingredients or medications. The patient should also indicate any nutritional supplements, vitamins, herbal products or medications they are taking or they are planning to take. It is important to notify the doctor of a preexisting liver, kidney or gastrointestinal disease, especially colitis, if one is either pregnant or planning on getting pregnant, and if they conceive while taking Cephalexin.
If Cephalexin is prescribed to a patient with no clear indications of a bacterial infection, there are minimal chances that the drug will benefit the patient. Instead, it will increase the patient’s chances of developing drug-resistant bacteria.
Using Cephalexin over extended periods of time may induce the overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms. Doctors should examine their patients for superinfections during therapy for the implementation of appropriate treatment measures.
Originator
Ceporex,Glaxo,UK,1970
Manufacturing Process
To a 1 liter flask containing dimethylformamide at 0°C, was added 24.8 g
sodium N-(2-methoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl)-D-α-phenylglycine (prepared
from sodium D-α-phenylglycine and methyl acetoacetate). The mixture was
cooled to -40°C and methyl chloroformate (7.5 ml) and dimethylbenzylamine
(0.26 ml) added. After stirring for 25 minutes, p-nitrobenzyl 7-
aminodesacetoxycephalosporanate (32.8 g) in the form of its hydrochloride
salt was added, followed by triethylamine (12.1 ml) and dimethylformamide
(140 ml) over a period of 20 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2
hours at -25°C to -35°C, then warmed to 0°C and water (32 ml) added. To
the resultant solution, hydrochloric acid (54 ml) was added followed by zinc
(21.8 g) in portions over a period of 5 minutes, the temperature being
maintained at 5°C to 10°C. Further hydrochloric acid (35 ml) was added and
the solution stirred at 15°C to 20°C for 7 hours.
The pH was adjusted to 3.3 with triethylamine and
semicarbazidehydrochloride (9.5 g) added. The mixture was brought back to
pH 3 with further triethylamine, then stirred for 30 minutes at pH 3. The
resultant mixture was adjusted slowly over 4 hours to pH 6.8 by addition of
triethylamine, seeding being carried out when pH 4.5 was reached. The precipitated cephalexin was filtered off, washed with dimethylformamide (200
ml) and the cephalexin recovered, yield 75%.
Therapeutic Function
Antibiotic
Antimicrobial activity
It is resistant to staphylococcal β-lactamase. Gram-positive
rods and fastidious Gram-negative bacilli, such as Bordetella
spp. and H. influenzae, are relatively resistant. It is active
against a range of enterobacteria, but it is degraded by
many enterobacterial β-lactamases. Citrobacter, Edwardsiella,
Enterobacter, Hafnia, Providencia and Serratia spp. are all
resistant. Gram-negative anaerobes other than B. fragilis are
susceptible. Because of its mode of action it is only
slowly bactericidal to Gram-negative bacilli.
Pharmacokinetics
Oral absorption: >90%
Cmax 500 mg oral: c. 10–20 mg/L after 1 h
Plasma half-life: 0.5–1 h
Volume of distribution: 15 L
Plasma protein binding: 10–15%
Absorption and distribution
It is almost completely absorbed when given by mouth, the
peak concentration being delayed by food. Intramuscular
preparations are not available: injection is painful and produces
delayed peak plasma concentrations considerably lower
than those obtained by oral administration.
In synovial fluid, levels of 6–38 mg/L have been described
after a 4 g oral dose, but penetration into the CSF is poor.
Useful levels are achieved in bone (9–44 mg/kg after 1 g orally)
and in purulent sputum. Concentrations of 10–20 mg/L have
been found in breast milk. Concentrations in cord blood
following a maternal oral dose of 0.25 g were minimal.
Metabolism and excretion
It is not metabolized. Almost all the dose is recoverable from
the urine within the first 6 h, producing urinary concentrations
exceeding 1 g/L. The involvement of tubular secretion
is indicated by the increased plasma peak concentration and
reduced urinary excretion produced by probenecid. Renal
clearance is around 200 mL/min and is depressed in renal
failure, although a therapeutic concentration is still obtained
in the urine. It is removed by peritoneal and hemodialysis.
Some is excreted in the bile, in which therapeutic concentrations
may be achieved.
Clinical Use
Cephalexin, 7α-(D-amino-α-phenylacetamido)-3-methylcephemcarboxylicacid (Keflex, Keforal), was designed purposelyas an orally active, semisynthetic cephalosporin. Theoral inactivation of cephalosporins has been attributed to twocauses: instability of the β-lactam ring to acid hydrolysis(cephalothin and cephaloridine) and solvolysis or microbialtransformation of the 3-methylacetoxy group (cephalothin,cephaloglycin). The α-amino group of cephalexin renders itacid stable, and reduction of the 3-acetoxymethyl to a methylgroup circumvents reaction at that site.Cephalexin occurs as a white crystalline monohydrate. Itis freely soluble in water, resistant to acid, and absorbed wellorally. Food does not interfere with its absorption. Becauseof minimal protein binding and nearly exclusive renal excretion,cephalexin is recommended particularly for the treatmentof urinary tract infections. It is also sometimes used forupper respiratory tract infections. Its spectrum of activity isvery similar to those of cephalothin and cephaloridine.Cephalexin is somewhat less potent than these two agentsafter parenteral administration and, therefore, is inferior tothem for the treatment of serious systemic infections.
Clinical Use
As for group 2 cephalosporins . It should not be used
in infections in which H. influenzae is, or is likely to be, implicated.
It should not be used as an alternative to penicillin in
syphilis.
Safety Profile
Poison by intraperitoneal route.Moderately toxic by ingestion and other routes. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductiveeffects. Human systemic effects by ingestion: nausea,vomiting, and diarrhea. When heated to decomposition itemits
Synthesis
Cephalexin is synthesized from cephalophenylglycine (32.1.2.9),
which is synthesized by reacting 7-aminocephalosporanic acid with a mixed anhydride synthesized by reacting N-carbobenzoxyphenylglycine and isobutyl chloroformate in the presence of triethylamine. Removing the N-carbobenzoxy protective group from the resulting
product (32.1.2.8) using hydrogen and a palladium on carbon catalyst gives cephalophenylglycine (32.1.2.9) in the form of an internal salt. Reducing this product with hydrogen using
a palladium on barium sulfate catalyst results in the deacetoxylation at the third position of
7-aminocephalosporanic acid, making the desired cephalexin (32.1.2.10).
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
There are no approved cephalexin products for veterinary use in the
USA. However, it has been used clinically in dogs, cats, horses, rabbits,
ferrets, and birds, particularly for susceptible Staphylococcal
infections.
Drug interactions
Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Anticoagulants: effects of coumarins may be
enhanced.
Metabolism
Cefalexin is not metabolised. About 80% or more of a
dose is excreted unchanged in the urine in the first 6
hours by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion.
Probenecid delays urinary excretion. Therapeutically
effective concentrations may be found in the bile and
some may be excreted by this route.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 15686-71-2 includes 8 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 5 digits, 1,5,6,8 and 6 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 7 and 1 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 15686-71:
(7*1)+(6*5)+(5*6)+(4*8)+(3*6)+(2*7)+(1*1)=132
132 % 10 = 2
So 15686-71-2 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C16H17N3O4S.H2O/c1-8-7-24-15-11(14(21)19(15)12(8)16(22)23)18-13(20)10(17)9-5-3-2-4-6-9;/h2-6,10-11,15H,7,17H2,1H3,(H,18,20)(H,22,23);1H2/t10-,11-,15-;/m1./s1
15686-71-2Relevant articles and documents
Preparation method of cefalexin
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Paragraph 0048-0051, (2020/05/05)
The invention belongs to the field of medicine synthesis, in particular to an improved method of a beta-lactam antibiotic cefalexin synthesis process. According to the method, 7-ADCA is used as a rawmaterial and is protected by carboxyl silane; after activation with alpha-aminophenylacetic acid hydrochloride and trifluoroacetic acid succinimide, condensation reaction is carried out; cefalexin isobtained through hydrolysis after-treatment, the proper pH value is controlled through hydrochloric acid after organic solvent and alkali adjustment treatment, and cefalexin crystals with extremely high purity are obtained. The method has the advantages of being easy and convenient to operate, mild in reaction condition, not prone to causing side reaction and capable of effectively removing impurities and preparing high-purity cefalexin.
MANUFACTURING METHOD AND APPARATUS OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES HAVING UNIFORM PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
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, (2011/09/14)
The present invention relates to a novel technology for forming fine particles with a size of 0.02?3 microns from a solid that can be dissolved in a liquid solvent and is not decomposed by heat. The particle preparation technology according to the present invention may be applicable to the fields of food, cosmetics, biopolymer, polymer compositions, and pharmaceuticals.
Process and device for producing liquid dosage formulations of medicinal compounds on demand from tablets and capsules
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, (2008/06/13)
The present invention provides a process for preparing liquid pharmaceutical formulations on demand from tablets and capsules.