90754-65-7Relevant articles and documents
Continuous photochemical benzylic bromination using: In situ generated Br2: Process intensification towards optimal PMI and throughput
Steiner, Alexander,Williams, Jason D.,De Frutos, Oscar,Rincón, Juan A.,Mateos, Carlos,Kappe, C. Oliver
, p. 448 - 454 (2020/02/13)
The detailed development of photochemical benzylic brominations using a NaBrO3/HBr bromine generator in continuous flow mode is reported. Optimization of the bromine generator enables highly efficient mass utilization by HBr recycling, coupled with fast interphase transfer within a microstructured photochemical reactor (405 nm LEDs). Intensification of the reaction system, including complete removal of organic solvent, allowed a reduction in PMI from 13.25 to just 4.33. The photochemical transformation achieved exceptionally high throughput, providing complete conversion in residence times as low as 15 s. The organic solvent-free preparation of two pharmaceutically relevant building blocks was demonstrated with outstanding mass efficiency, by monobromination (1.17 kg scale in 230 min, PMI = 3.08) or dibromination (15 g scale in 20 min, PMI = 3.64).
A Transmetalation Reaction Enables the Synthesis of [18F]5-Fluorouracil from [18F]Fluoride for Human PET Imaging
Hoover, Andrew J.,Lazari, Mark,Ren, Hong,Narayanam, Maruthi Kumar,Murphy, Jennifer M.,Van Dam, R. Michael,Hooker, Jacob M.,Ritter, Tobias
supporting information, p. 1008 - 1014 (2016/05/09)
Translation of new 18F-fluorination reactions to produce radiotracers for human positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is rare because the chemistry must have useful scope and the process for 18F-labeled tracer production must be robust and simple to execute. The application of transition metal mediators has enabled impactful 18F-fluorination methods, but to date none of these reactions have been applied to produce a human-injectable PET tracer. In this article we present chemistry and process innovations that culminate in the first production from [18F]fluoride of human doses of [18F]5-fluorouracil, a PET tracer for cancer imaging in humans. The first preparation of nickel σ-aryl complexes by transmetalation from arylboronic acids or esters was developed and enabled the synthesis of the [18F]5-fluorouracil precursor. Routine production of >10 mCi doses of [18F]5-fluorouracil was accomplished with a new instrument for azeotrope-free [18F]fluoride concentration in a process that leverages the tolerance of water in nickel-mediated 18F-fluorination.
Highly efficient amination in neat water of benzyl chlorides with dialkylformamides catalysed by N-heterocyclic carbene-palladium(II)-1- methylimidazole complex
Chen, Wen-Xin,Zhang, Cai-Yun,Lu, Jian-Mei
, p. 611 - 614 (2013/11/06)
Dialkylformamides are excellent N-sources in the amination of benzyl chlorides when catalysed by a NHC-Pd(II)-Im complex. In the presence of NaOH and the catalyst, variously substituted benzyl chlorides and five different dialkylformamides reacted smoothly to afford the corresponding N,N-dialkyl-benzylamines in good to almost quantitative yields in eco-friendly solvent water at 50 °C within 3 h.