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Sodium carbonate is commonly used as an inorganic base and a buffer component in several synthetic organic transformations in both chemical industries and research laboratories. Often used as an electrolyte, sodium carbonate acts as a very good conductor in the process of electrolysis. Apart from being used as a common chemical/biological/biotechnological laboratory reagent, it is also used as a water softener in laundering, processing wood pulp, cleaners, and making glass. It can be used for standardization of acids, and qualitative testing of cations. In dyeing with fiber-reactive dyes, sodium carbonate is used to ensure proper chemical bonding of the dye with cellulose fibers.

Sodium carbonate is an inorganic salt and therefore the vapour pressure can be considered negligible. It has a melting point of 851°C (CRC Handbook, 1986; The Merck Index, 1983), it decomposes when heated at > 400 °C and therefore a boiling point cannot be determined. soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol; dissolves in acids liberating CO2.The octanol water partition coefficient (log Pow) is not relevant for an inorganic substance which dissociates. The average particle size diameter (d50) of light sodium carbonate is in the range of 90 to 150 µm and of dense sodium carbonate is in the range of 250 to 500 µm.

The monohydrate consists of colorless and odorless small crystals or cystalline powder; orthorhombic structure; refractive index 1.420; hardness 1.3 Mohs; density 2.25 g/cm3; loses water at 100°C becoming anhydrous; very soluble in water; insoluble in ethanol.
The decahydrate consists of transparent crystals; effloresces on exposure to air; density 1.46 g/cm3; decomposes at 34°C; very soluble in water; insoluble in ethanol.
An aqueous solution of sodium carbonate are strongly alkaline.