Add time:07/24/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of water tolerant Lewis acids (i.e., In(OTf)3, Yb(OTf)3 and InCl3) on bio-oil and solid residue yields. For this purpose, poplar wood was liquefied at 300 °C with a residence time of 10 min without and with water tolerant Lewis acids in various concentrations from 0.5 to 10 wt% under hydrothermal conditions. The use of water tolerant Lewis acids had negative effects on bio-oil yields. The bio-oil from the run without a catalyst had a value of 17.50 wt% at 300 °C, 10 min. The highest bio-oil yields under identical conditions were the following: 14.27 wt%, 13.37 wt% and 12.42 wt% for Yb(OTf)3 (with a concentration of 0.5 wt% of the raw material), In(OTf)3 and InCl3 (with concentrations of 1 wt% of the raw material). The concentrations of catalysts used in the experiments had significant effects on both bio-oil and solid residue yields. An increase of catalyst concentrations resulted in a decrease in bio-oil yields. The catalysts changed neither the molecular nor the elemental compositions of bio-oils and solid residues significantly. The prominent compounds in bio-oils from all runs including the run without a catalyst were phenol, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, and 2-methoxyphenol.

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