Add time:09/08/2019         Source:sciencedirect.com

Publisher SummaryThe saturated hydroxydicarboxylic acids have the general formula CnH2n-1 (OH) (CO2H)2, and its two types may be distinguished as: hydroxyl-substituted acids of the series HO2C(CH2)nCO2H, for example, hydroxymalonic acid and hydroxysuccinic acid together with their alkyl-substituted derivatives and acids of the same series containing hydroxyalkyl groups with or without other alkyl substituents. The methods of preparation are numerous and varied, and are closely related to those methods used to prepare the hydroxy-monocarboxylic acids. When the hydroxyl group is in the γ-position relative to the carbonyl group, lactone formation may occur readily. The corresponding aminocarboxylic acids are also discussed in this chapter. Emphasis is placed on the hydroxymalonic acid series, the succinic acid series, the hydroxyglutaric acid series, higher hydroxy- and amino-dicarboxylic acids, and oxodicarboxylic acids and their derivatives along with their typical reactions. Saturated tricarboxylic acids with two or three carboxyl groups attached to the same carbon atom, with the carboxyl groups attached to three different carbon atoms, and higher tricarboxylic acid derivatives with individual examples and their corresponding typical reactions are also explained.

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