HANGZHOU TOYOND BIOTECH CO., LTD
Country:China (Mainland)
Year Established: 2010Business type: Trading Company
Integral:
1.Induction of Ubiquinone 10
The Ubiquinone 10, also known as ubiquinone, ubidecarenone, coenzyme Q, and abbreviated at times to CoQ10 or Q10 is a 1,4-benzoquinone, where Q refers to the quinone chemical group, and 10 refers to the number of isoprenyl chemical subunits in its tail.
This oil-soluble, vitamin-like substance is present in most eukaryotic cells, primarily in the mitochondria. It is a component of the electron transport chain and participates in aerobic cellular respiration, generating energy in the form of ATP. Ninety-five percent of the human body’s energy is generated this way. Therefore, those organs with the highest energy requirements—such as the heart, liver and kidney—have the highest CoQ10 concentrations.There are three redox states of coenzyme Q10: fully oxidized (ubiquinone), semiquinone (ubisemiquinone), and fully reduced (ubiquinol). The capacity of this molecule to exist in a completely oxidized form and a completely reduced form enables it to perform its functions in the electron transport chain and as an antioxidant respectively.
2.Chemical properties
The oxidized structure of CoQ10 is shown on the top-right. The various kinds of Coenzyme Q can be distinguished by the number of isoprenoid subunits in their side-chains. The most common Coenzyme Q in human mitochondria is CoQ10. Q refers to the quinone head and 10 refers to the number of isoprene repeats in the tail. The image below has three isoprenoid units and would be called Q3.
3.Biosynthesis of Ubiquinone 10
Starting from acetyl-CoA, a multistep process of mevalonate pathway produces farnesyl-PP (FPP), the precursor for cholesterol, CoQ, dolichol, and isoprenylated proteins. An important enzyme in this pathway is HMG Co-A reductase, which is usually a target for intervention in cardiovascular complications. The "statin" family of cholesterol reducing medications block HMG Co-A reductase, so taking CoQ10 may alleviate a statin side effect of rhabdomyolysis. The long isoprenoid side-chain of CoQ is synthesized by trans-prenyltransferase, which condenses FPP with several molecules of isopentenyl-PP (IPP), all in the trans configuration. The next step involves condensation of this polyisoprenoid side-chain with 4-hydroxybenzoate, catalyzed by polyprenyl-4-hydroxy benzoate transferase. Hydroxybenzoate is synthesized from tyrosine or phenylalanine. In addition to their presence in mitochondria, these initial two reactions also occur in the endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes, indicating multiple sites of synthesis in animal cells. Increasing the endogenous biosynthesis of CoQ10 has attained attention in the recent years as a strategy to fight CoQ10 deficiency.
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