Glucagon

  Glucagon (CAS NO.16941-32-5) is described glucagon by Kimball and Murlin in 1923.The amino acid sequence of glucagon was described in the late-1950s. When a specific radioimmunoassay was developed,a more complete understanding of its role in physiology and disease was not established until the 1970s.

1. Introduction of Glucagon
Glucagon is one kind of white powder. Glucagon belongs to Amino Acid Derivatives;Peptide;GlucagonIslet Stem Cell Biology;Islet Stem Cell Differentiation;Hormones;Other Protein/Peptide Hormones;Glucagon and Glucagon-Like PeptidesPeptides for Cell Biology;GlucagonsIslet Stem Cell Biology;Cytokines Growth Factors and Hormones (Obesity);Gastrointestinal Peptides;GlucagonObesity Research. Besides, the Classification Code of this chemical is Antidiabetic.

2. Properties of Glucagon
Physical properties about Glucagon are:
(1)Density: 1.53 g/cm³; (2)Freely Rotating Bonds: 124; (3)Polar Surface Area: 1564.04 Å²; (4)Index of Refraction: 1.682; (5)Molar Refractivity: 857.35 cm³; (6)Molar Volume: 2263.1 cm³; (7)Polarizability: 339.88 ×10^-24 cm³; (8)Surface Tension: 70 dyne/cm; (9)XLogP3-AA: -16.9; (10)H-Bond Donor: 55; (11)H-Bond Acceptor: 58; (12)Rotatable Bond Count: 115; (13)Tautomer Count: 1000; (14)Exact Mass: 3481.619056; (15)MonoIsotopic Mass: 3480.615702; (16)Topological Polar Surface Area: 1540; (17)Heavy Atom Count: 246.

3. Structure Descriptors of Glucagon
(1)InChI: InChI=1S/C153H225N43O49S/c1-72(2)52-97(133(226)176-96(47-51-246-11)132(225)184-104(60-115(159)209)143(236)196-123(78(10)203)151(244)245)179-137(230)103(58-83-64-167-89-29-19-18-28-87(83)89)183-131(224)95(43-46-114(158)208)177-148(241)120(74(5)6)194-141(234)101(54-79-24-14-12-15-25-79)182-138(231)105(61-117(211)212)185-130(223)94(42-45-113(157)207)171-124(217)75(7)170-127(220)91(31-22-49-165-152(160)161)172-128(221)92(32-23-50-166-153(162)163)174-146(239)110(69-199)191-140(233)107(63-119(215)216)186-134(227)98(53-73(3)4)178-135(228)99(56-81-33-37-85(204)38-34-81)180-129(222)90(30-20-21-48-154)173-145(238)109(68-198)190-136(229)100(57-82-35-39-86(205)40-36-82)181-139(232)106(62-118(213)214)187-147(240)111(70-200)192-150(243)122(77(9)202)195-142(235)102(55-80-26-16-13-17-27-80)188-149(242)121(76(8)201)193-116(210)66-168-126(219)93(41-44-112(156)206)175-144(237)108(67-197)189-125(218)88(155)59-84-65-164-71-169-84/h12-19,24-29,33-40,64-65,71-78,88,90-111,120-123,167,197-205H,20-23,30-32,41-63,66-70,154-155H2,1-11H3,(H2,156,206)(H2,157,207)(H2,158,208)(H2,159,209)(H,164,169)(H,168,219)(H,170,220)(H,171,217)(H,172,221)(H,173,238)(H,174,239)(H,175,237)(H,176,226)(H,177,241)(H,178,228)(H,179,230)(H,180,222)(H,181,232)(H,182,231)(H,183,224)(H,184,225)(H,185,223)(H,186,227)(H,187,240)(H,188,242)(H,189,218)(H,190,229)(H,191,233)(H,192,243)(H,193,210)(H,194,234)(H,195,235)(H,196,236)(H,211,212)(H,213,214)(H,215,216)(H,244,245)(H4,160,161,165)(H4,162,163,166)/t75-,76+,77+,78+,88-,90-,91-,92-,93-,94-,95-,96-,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-,102-,103-,104-,105-,106-,107-,108-,109-,110-,111-,120-,121-,122-,123-/m0/s1
(2)InChIKey: InChIKey=MASNOZXLGMXCHN-ZLPAWPGGSA-N
(3)Smiles: CSCC[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2c1cccc2)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)Cc1cnc[nH]1)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(O)=O

4. Toxicity of Glucagon

1.		dns-rat:lvr 75 mg/L		EJBCAI    European Journal of Biochemistry. 34 (1973),474.
2.		ims-man TDLo:28 µg/kg		AIPTAK    Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. 218 (1975),312.

5. Safety information of Glucagon
Human systemic effects by intramuscular route: leukopenia (reduced white blood cell count). An experimental teratogen. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of SO_x and NO_x.
WGK Germany: 3
F: 3-10-21

6. Production of Glucagon
Glucagon (CAS NO.16941-32-5) is synthesized from alpha cells (α-cells) of the islets, which are located in the endocrine portion of the pancreas.

7. Uses of Glucagon
Glucagon is used as antihyperglycemic. It helps maintain the level of glucose in the blood by binding to glucagon receptors on hepatocytes and is dependent on the central nervous system through pathways that are yet to be defined. Mechanism of action.And alsoit binds to the glucagon receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor located in the plasma membrane.