Factory high quality GROWTH HORMONE/HGH

Superiority:

9002-72-6 - Physico-chemical Properties

9002-72-6 - Uses and synthesis methods

overview

Growth hormone (GH) is a single peptide protein hormone secreted by eosinophils of the anterior pituitary gland. It is a growth regulator with a wide range of physiological functions. It can affect almost all tissue types and cells, even including immune tissue, brain tissue and hematopoietic system. Its main function is to stimulate the growth and differentiation of bone and chondrocytes; regulate the metabolism of protein, sugar and fat. GH plays a functional role mainly through two ways: one is to induce liver cells and muscle cells to produce growth hormone medium (Somatomedin,SM), and then indirectly through SM; The second is to directly act on the target cells to produce physiological effects. Either way, GH needs to first bind to specific receptors on the cell surface, and then be mediated by the receptors to stimulate a series of biochemical events and eventually produce biological effects. Growth hormone receptor (GHR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein, a member of the cytokine/hematopoietic factor receptor superfamily, with about 620 amino acids. The exact number of amino acids varies slightly from species to species. The GHR molecular weight of most animals is between 100 and 130kDa. GHR is abundant in liver and adipocytes, but GH receptors are also reported in lymphocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages, chondrocytes, β-insulin cells and osteoblasts. G HR includes three domains: the N-terminal 246 amino acid domain on the outer side of the plasma membrane; The transmembrane domain with 25 amino acids in the middle; The C- terminal 350 amino acid domain on the inner side of the plasma membrane, and the C- terminal peptide on the inner side of the plasma membrane has a large number of tyrosine residues. Like other cytokines, the GHR extracellular domain includes 7 cysteine and 5 glycosylation sites; the intracellular domain has two motif: one is the proximal membrane, rich in proline Box 1; the other is the cytoplasmic motif for Box 2, which starts with hydrophilic amino acids, the middle is negatively charged amino acids, and ends with one or two positively charged amino acid residues. These regions of GHR play an important role in signal transduction.

Growth hormone is a new product developed at the same time as beta-stimulants in the 80 s. Scientists believe that it is significantly different from banned hormones. Growth hormone is a kind of anterior pituitary gland hormone. It is a protein made by genetic factor manipulation technology. It can be mass-produced by coliform bacteria according to DNA technology. There are two kinds of products currently on the market and under development. That is, growth hormone (bovine somatotrpin,BST) and cyanamide developed by Lilly and Monsanto, and growth hormone (porcine somatotrpin,PST) developed by Monsanto. BST can be used for lamb to gain weight and 16%, and the feed conversion rate can be increased 15%. It can also increase the milk yield of dairy cows. PST is used in pigs at the early stage of growth. If injected once a day, lean meat percentage can increase 20% and fat content can be reduced by 30%. Many experts believe that the effect of such products is certain. There are no harmful signs of carcass color, strength, lean tissue flavor and residue. In order to meet the strict requirements of consumers for meat quality and save feed, it shows a brand-new prospect.

structural characteristics of growth hormone and growth hormone of different species

Growth hormone (GH) structure: Human GH(hGH) is composed of 191 amino acids, and the chain contains four Cys, forming two pairs of disulfide bonds (C54-C165,C182-C189). The primary structure of up to 61 GH species from mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish species has been clarified. The available GH sequences were analyzed in combination. The primary structures of GH from different species have the following characteristics: ① the sequences of GH from the same order and family close to the provenance are highly homologous; (2) The sequences of non-primate mammals are relatively similar (large 81%). However, their sequences are quite different from those of primates, with homology ranging from 64% to 69%. ③ The homology between birds and non-primates GH (71% ~ 81%) is much higher than that between birds and non-primates GH (52% ~ 54%). ④ The homology between different orders of bony fishes is low, only 53% ~ 55%, and the homology between bony fishes and other species is low.

Growth hormone (GH) crystal structure: Each H has two GHR binding sites 1 and 2, which are spatially separated from each other. Binding site 1 is on the right side of the molecule, forming the surfaces of A and B and AB-Loop; Binding site 2 is on the left; forming the and C surfaces. The X-ray crystal structure analysis of at least three structural epitopes of bovine growth hormone shows that the secondary structure of pig GH contains only α-helix, and the 55% peptide chain participates in folding into four spiral bundles, of which NH2-and COOH-terminal helix (I and IV) are compared with the other two (II and III), and sequence comparison shows that the α-helix region is relatively conservative than the other parts of the molecule. In addition to the 4 core spirals, hGH has three short spirals in the connection area between the spirals.

Physiological effects of GH

1. The effect on growth: mainly promotes the growth of the epiphysis. It also directly acts on the tissue cells of the whole body to make them proliferate and hypertrophy. These effects are achieved by insulin-like growth factors.

2. Promote protein synthesis.

3. Fat metabolism: mobilize and store fat, increase free fatty acids in blood and increase ketone bodies in blood.

4. Glucose metabolism: anti-insulin effect, but also reduce the number of insulin receptors and affinity.

5. Water and salt metabolism: reduce the excretion of sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine and inorganic phosphorus in the urine, and make calcium and phosphorus metabolism in a positive balance.

adverse reactions

A few patients can produce antibodies after applying this product, but it has little clinical significance. Generally, vomiting, abdominal pain, edema, headache, shoulder pain, periodic limb paralysis and subcutaneous fat atrophy at the injection site occur. If skin allergy, general itching, redness and swelling at the injection site occur, the drug should be stopped. The test showed elevated liver enzymes, hematuria, etc. Sometimes symptoms of hypothyroidism can be seen.

Note

1. Malignant tumor, diabetic patients and intracranial progressive injury are prohibited. Use with caution in patients with pituitary dwarfism, heart disease, kidney disease, pregnant women and breastfeeding women caused by brain tumors.

2. Before use, detailed examination of pituitary function is required, and application can only be made after accurate diagnosis.

3. it should be prepared when it is temporary, dissolve it with water for injection, shake it gently, and do not oscillate to avoid degeneration.